Contamination of potentially toxic metals in children’s toys marketed in Iran

Yazdanfar, Najmeh; Saatloo, Naiema Vakili; Sadighara, Parisa

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20720-1

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…To prevent the contamination of trace elem-ents, any materials used in the laboratory methods were washed with dilute HNO3 (10%). Duplicate analyses in digestion and blanks were used as quality assurance/quality control procedures as reported earlier [10].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, hazardous toys should be considered as a way for kids to get exposed to dangerous metals. Children begin to play with a collection of little toys from early on in life and exposure to such toys, children's health could be compromised [10]. It has been reported that certain metals are added during the manufacturing process to provide or improve the softness, brightness, stability and flexibility of the final product to make it more appealing to kids of all ages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Ahmed,

Attaelmanan,

Mousa

2024

ajc

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Children’s health and safety may be compromised if exposed to metals through contaminated toys. Hence, evaluation of the quality of the toys available in markets is essential to protect children. This study undertaken to identify the presence of metals contents in plastic toys and compares the results with the national and international limits. For this purpose, 56 types of popular children’s toys marked were purchased from the UAE markets and the metal contents were estimated in 156 toy samples by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. The results reveal that Ti, Fe, Zn and Mg were present in all types of toys. At the same time, other metals such as K and Na in 54 types of toys, Cr in 51 types of toys, Al in 50 types of toys, B, Ba and Ca in types of 49 toys, Mn in 41 types of toys, Cd in 40 types of toys, Ag in 39 types of toys, Ni in 25 types of toys, Pd in 23 types of toys, Cu in 18 types of toys, Bi in 4 types of toys and Co in 3 types of toys were also detected. Furthermore, Pd and B concentrations in 3 types of toys, while Zn and Ba concentrations in two types of toys exceeded the permissible limits. Toxic stabilizers and colours added to PVC during manufacturing are responsible for the existence of such elements in plastic toys. However, additional research is required to establish the role of metals in toys, identify potential risks to children’s health and propose regulations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Ahmed,

Attaelmanan,

Mousa

2024

ajc

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“…Studies have been conducted on children’s toys (D. e. S. Gul et al 2022 ; Kang & Zhu 2015 ; Karas & Frankowski 2018 ; Negev et al 2018 ; Yazdanfar et al 2022 ), jewelry (A. Gul et al 2023 ; Hillyer et al 2014 ; Yost & Weidenhamer 2008 ), finger paints, watercolors, acrylic paints, crayons, (M. R. Khan et al 2021 ; Mračević et al 2022 ), and face paints (Rebelo et al 2015 ; Salles et al 2023 ). There are also studies on allergens (Lv et al 2013 ; Masuck et al 2010 , 2011 ; Rastogi et al 1999 ; Wang et al 2018 ), as well as organic chemicals (Guo et al 2018 ; Szczepańska et al 2018 ) used in toys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health

Mercan,

Kilic,

Zengin

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Inorganic elements are added to toys as impurities to give desired stability, brightness, flexibility, and color; however, these elements may cause numerous health issues after acute or chronic exposure. In this study, the inorganic profile of 14 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sb, Pb, and Zn) in 63 toy makeup products was identified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave acid digestion method. Additionally, organic allergen fragrance was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard indices were used to assess the safety evaluation. Then, 57 out of 63 samples (90.48%) exceeded the limits at least for one toxic element with descending order Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Sb > Cd > As > Hg. The SED values were compared with tolerable daily intake values and remarkably differences were found for Al and Pb. The MoS values for 57.15% of samples exceeded the limit value for Al, As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Sb, and Zn elements. The LCR values were observed at 100% (n = 63), 79.37% (n = 50), 85.71% (n = 54), 77.78% (n = 49), and 18.87% (n = 10) for Cr, Ni, As, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Also, the skin sensitization risks were obtained for Cr and Ni at 26.980% (n = 17) and 9.52% (n = 6), respectively. The HQ values for 80% of samples were found to be ≥ 1 at least for one parameter. The investigation of fragrance allergens in samples did not show any significant ingredients. As a result, toy makeup products marketed in local stores were found to be predominantly unsafe. Children should be protected from harmful chemicals by regular monitoring and strict measures.

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“…Given stability, non-biodegradability, and bioaccumulation potential, metallic elements may accumulate in the bone, lung, liver, and kidneys, causing serious damage of organ where they can severely disrupt the normal biological function of vital organs and glands [ 9 ]. The frequent exposure to metallic elements may induce neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and genotoxicity, as well as injured psychosocial performance, immunological predicaments, and endocrine disorders [ 10 , 11 ]. Previous studies on the PETs have determined that exposure to high concentrations of metals (Ni, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb) through food can result in numerous health problems, such as skin cancer, dermal lesions, peripheral vascular problems, and peripheral neuropathy [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

Pirhadi

Alikord

Tajdar-Oranj

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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Contamination of potentially toxic metals in children’s toys marketed in Iran

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Determination of Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Determination of Metals in Children’s Plastic Toys using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

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