Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury

Giesy, John P.; Verbrugge, David A.; Othout, R. A.; Mora, Miguel A.; Jones, Paul D.; Newsted, John L.; Vandervoort, Christine; Heaton, S. N.; Aulerich, R. J.; Bursian, Steven J.; Ludwig, James P.; Ludwig, Matthew E.; Dawson, Gary A.; Kubiak, Timothy J.; Best, David Albert; Tillitt, D.E.

doi:10.1007/bf00214264

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The Sava River flows through agricultural areas, and the burden accumulated on its course has resulted in contamination of the Sava River fish with DDT, HCH, lindane, endrin and heptachlor with epoxide. This is also expected in countries with highly developed agriculture, as demonstrated by the analyses performed not only in edible fish tissue but also in some specific fish organs (9,(23)(24)(25). These reports, although occasionally exceeding the values recorded in our study, clearly confirm the existence of organochlorine pesticide accumulation in fish tissue.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Organochlorine Pesticides in Freshwater Fish from the Zagreb Area

Bošnir

Puntarić

Šmit

et al. 2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Organochlorine Pesticides in Freshwater Fish from the Zagreb AreaThe aim of this study was to determine the level of organochlorine pesticides in freshwater fish from the Zagreb area, Croatia. The study included 215 freshwater fish samples from three sites: the Sava River, Lake Jarun, and five fishponds from the Zagreb surroundings. Organochlorine pesticides DDT and derivates, HCH, HCB, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor with epoxide, and methoxychlor were determined using the GC-ECD method. The determined amounts of organochlorine pesticides were within allowed concentration limits in all analysed fish samples. Median values ranged from below the detection limit of 0.01 μg kg-1 for dieldrin and metoxychlor to 2.00 μg kg-1 for DDT in the Cyprinidae fish family from the Sava River, Zagreb sampling site (group 1).This study has confirmed pesticide persistence in the overall ecosystem in our country despite the ban of some thirty years ago, like in many other parts of the world.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Organochlorine Pesticides in Freshwater Fish from the Zagreb Area

Bošnir

Puntarić

Šmit

et al. 2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…The concentrations used in our present study were determined analytically and varied only slightly from the target concentrations. The ratio of chemicals in the mixture was based on the ratios of PHAHs found in breast milk, fish, and other sources of human exposure (Giesy et al 1994; Larsen et al 1994; Patterson et al 1994; Schecter et al 1994a, 1994b). All dosing solutions were prepared by dilution of the stock solutions with corn oil (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Doses associated with a 30% TH decrease from control (ED 30 estimates) were calculated for each chemical, rather than ED 50 estimates because some chemicals had asymptotic responses at a 50% decrease. We then tested a mixture of these 18 PHAHs in which the chemical ratios were based on a rough average of concentrations found in breast milk, fish, and other food sources of human exposure (Giesy et al 1994; Larsen et al 1994; Patterson et al 1994; Schecter et al 1994a, 1994b). Concentrations of the individual chemicals in the undiluted mixture were at least an order of magnitude lower than those found to have significant biologic activity (with the exception of PCB-126, where there was an ~ 16% decrease in T 4 at the dose found in the highest concentration of the mixture).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid-Hormone–Disrupting Chemicals: Evidence for Dose-Dependent Additivity or Synergism

Crofton¹,

Craft²,

Hedge³

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

188

166

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Endocrine disruption from environmental contaminants has been linked to a broad spectrum of adverse outcomes. One concern about endocrine-disrupting xenobiotics is the potential for additive or synergistic (i.e., greater-than-additive) effects of mixtures. A short-term dosing model to examine the effects of environmental mixtures on thyroid homeostasis has been developed. Prototypic thyroid-disrupting chemicals (TDCs) such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and poly-brominated diphenyl ethers have been shown to alter thyroid hormone homeostasis in this model primarily by up-regulating hepatic catabolism of thyroid hormones via at least two mechanisms. Our present effort tested the hypothesis that a mixture of TDCs will affect serum total thyroxine (T4) concentrations in a dose-additive manner. Young female Long-Evans rats were dosed via gavage with 18 different polyyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons [2 dioxins, 4 dibenzofurans, and 12 PCBs, including dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs] for 4 consecutive days. Serum total T4 was measured via radioimmunoassay in samples collected 24 hr after the last dose. Extensive dose–response functions (based on seven to nine doses per chemical) were determined for individual chemicals. A mixture was custom synthesized with the ratio of chemicals based on environmental concentrations. Serial dilutions of this mixture ranged from approximately background levels to 100-fold greater than background human daily intakes. Six serial dilutions of the mixture were tested in the same 4-day assay. Doses of individual chemicals that were associated with a 30% TH decrease from control (ED30), as well as predicted mixture outcomes were calculated using a flexible single-chemical-required method applicable to chemicals with differing dose thresholds and maximum-effect asymptotes. The single-chemical data were modeled without and with the mixture data to determine, respectively, the expected mixture response (the additivity model) and the experimentally observed mixture response (the empirical model). A likelihood-ratio test revealed statistically significant departure from dose additivity. There was no deviation from additivity at the lowest doses of the mixture, but there was a greater-than-additive effect at the three highest mixtures doses. At high doses the additivity model underpredicted the empirical effects by 2- to 3-fold. These are the first results to suggest dose-dependent additivity and synergism in TDCs that may act via different mechanisms in a complex mixture. The results imply that cumulative risk approaches be considered when assessing the risk of exposure to chemical mixtures that contain TDCs.

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“…Although concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs have declined in wildlife from several locations in the Great Lakes (Herbert et al 1994;Pearson et al 1997), concentrations measured in fish in the Great Lakes waters still remain greater than those reported from several other locations in the United States (Firestone et al 1996;Giesy et al 1997). Elevated concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs have been reported in fish from selected Michigan rivers and Saginaw Bay compared to other locations in the United States since the mid-1980s (Fehringer et al 1985;Baumann and Whittle 1988;Giesy et al 1994aGiesy et al , 1997Firestone et al 1996;Gale et al 1997). While PCDDs and PCDFs have been observed in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan, historical concentrations of these compounds in fishes in other areas of the Great Lakes surrounding Michigan are less well known.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in Muscle and Eggs of Salmonid Fishes from the Great Lakes

Giesy

Kannan

Kubitz

et al. 1999

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in dorsal muscle and eggs of coho salmon, lake trout, and chinook salmon collected from Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron (Michigan waters). Absolute and relative concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs varied among sampling locations (inter- and intralake) and fish species. Fish collected from Bay City (Saginaw Bay) contained the greatest concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs both in muscle and eggs. Among the three fish species, chinook salmon accumulated greater concentrations than did coho salmon or lake trout. Concentrations of PCDFs were greater than those of PCDDs in all fishes. OCDF and TCDF were the predominant congeners of PCDF, whereas OCDD and TCDD concentrations predominated in PCDDs. Homolog compositions of PCDDs and PCDFs suggested the existence of multiple local sources in various locations. Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in eggs of fishes were significantly correlated with those in muscle.

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Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

Organochlorine Pesticides in Freshwater Fish from the Zagreb Area

Organochlorine Pesticides in Freshwater Fish from the Zagreb Area

Thyroid-Hormone–Disrupting Chemicals: Evidence for Dose-Dependent Additivity or Synergism

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in Muscle and Eggs of Salmonid Fishes from the Great Lakes

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