Contact dermatitis in children

Veien, Niels K.; Hattel, Thais; Justesen, O; Nørholm, A

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04261.x

Cited by 67 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Augener et al (58) observed that the numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes decreased more than 50% in the age group [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83] years, compared with children (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) years), whereas the number of Blymphocytes remained constant. The decline in Tlymphocytes is a plausible explanation for the decreased recall-delayed hypersensitivity response.…”

Section: (Iii) Langerhans Cells and Circulating T-lymphocytes In The mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Kwangsukstith

Maibach

1995

Contact Dermatitis

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This article reviews the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We found that the incidence of ACD in childhood is lower than in adults; this may be explained by less exposure to allergens, lack of immune response and limited patch test studies in this age group. In the elderly, there is an age-dependent decrease in the incidence of ACD, with decreased sensitization to new allergens and waning responses in previously sensitized subjects. There is extensive controversy about the effect of sex differences in ACD. The induction phases of ACD in both sexes are different due to differences in exposure to the allergens from occupations, habits and cultures. Differences in elicitation phases of ACD in both sexes are not confirmed. Women tend to have a higher incidence of ACD and higher immunologic response to exposure allergens than men. Thus we can only imprecisely define the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of ACD. Further prospective studies should be done to answer these questions.

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Section: (Iii) Langerhans Cells and Circulating T-lymphocytes In The mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Topical medications that frequently test positive are neomycin, thimerosal, merbromin (mercurochrome), ethylenediamine and balsam of Peru. Other allergens include metals, e.g., cobalt and potassium dichromate, mercury (9,10,11,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), mercaptobenzothiazole (17,19), and fragrance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Kwangsukstith

Maibach

1995

Contact Dermatitis

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“…In the adult population, contact allergy to PPD is associated with female gender and being a hairdresser [7,10,13,16,17]. In contrast to this, contact allergy to PPD in children is often observed in both genders [3,5,15], which may indicate that both genders in young children have an equal risk behavior towards exposure to PPD, e.g., temporary henna tattooing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Contact allergy has traditionally been considered to occur rarely in the paediatric population, mainly as a result of the lesser exposure to allergens [1][2][3]. The prevalence of contact allergy in children has over the last decades increased as a result of the more grownup behavior of children (e.g., body piercing, hair dyeing, and use of cosmetics) and more extensive patch testing of children with contact dermatitis [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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p-Phenylenediamine and Risk of Sensitization in Children

Schwensen

Johansen

2014

Curr Treat Options Allergy

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Opinion statementContact allergy to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in children has been described over almost 2 decades, indicating a major problem. PPD can be found in permanent hair dyes and temporary henna tattoos. Children often get sensitized to PPD at a relatively young age when getting a temporary henna tattoo while away on holiday in exotic surroundings. This results in a localized acute allergic reaction at the site of the tattoo within 1-2 weeks after the tattoo has been drawn. The symptoms will clear over weeks on treatment with topical corticosteroids. However, sensitization to PPD will be life-long and may later result in very severe allergic reactions if re-exposure to PPD happens, e.g., by hair dyeing. Populationbased studies indicate that even young children may get their hair dyed and that many teenage girls dye their hair regularly. Exposure to permanent hair dyes with PPD and related substances may in itself lead to PPD sensitization and severe allergic reactions. The allergic reaction will typically develop within hours after dyeing the hair, with clinical presented symptoms such as facial edema and facial dermatitis, which also may generalize. This may lead to hospital admission and treatment with systemic corticosteroids. It is important to note that this is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and should be treated as such. Antihistamines have no effect in this situation. PPD sensitization may have long-term carrier consequences, as, for example, PPD contact allergy in a teenage girl may hinder her entering the hairdressing trade. Patch testing is used to make the diagnosis of PPD sensitization. In children with severe clinical reactions to temporary henna tattoos and/or permanent hair dyes, it is advisable to start the patch testing with PPD in a low concentration, e.g., 0.01 % PPD in petrolatum. It is not recommended to get temporary henna tattoos under any circumstances and children under the age of 16 years should not use permanent hair dyes in order to avoid severe allergic reactions and life-long sensitization to PPD.

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