“…Nivea's move to male segments -Nivea Men; Johnson and Johnson baby soap positioned to adults). For example, a parent brand positioned as 'utilitarian' introducing a 'hedonic' sub-brand (Noseworthy & Trudel, 2011), a company at the centre of criticism for unethical activities introducing an 'ethically' positioned sub-brand (Sagar, Khandelwal, Mittal, & Singh, 2011), a parent brand with an identified brand personality dimension introducing a subbrand with a vastly different personality (Aaker, 1997) and a parent company positioned as low tech moving to high tech with a sub-brand (Gammoh, Koh, & Okoroafo, 2011) are examples of positioning strategies that may be considered low in positioning congruity ( Figure 1). Areni 6 attention (Alden, Steenkamp, & Batra, 1999).…”