“…Since the beginning, different models have been proposed for TA: one-dimensional (Mandler and Saranson, 1952), twodimensional (Liebert and Morris, 1967), and multi-dimensional (Hodapp and Benson, 1997;Wren and Benson, 2004;Chin et al, 2017), giving rise to various evaluation instruments (Osterhouse, 1970;Valero, 1999;Lowe and Lee, 2004;García-Fernández et al, 2011;Sung and Chao, 2014). Within the multi-dimensional models, the three-dimensional theory of anxiety proposed by Lang (1968) stands out, which establishes that anxiety is composed of three response systems: cognitive, physiological, and behavioral or motor, which can be manifested in a discordant and asynchronous way (Furlan, 2006;Martínez-Monteagudo et al, 2012).…”