“…Much of the cross-cultural research in this area has been focused on investigating the factor structure of test anxiety by adapting the existing "Western" assessment measures to the particular culture being studied. For instance, Spielberger's TAI (1980) has been translated and adapted into numerous cross cultural editions including Chinese (Rocklin & Ren-Min, 1983), Czech (Man, Budejovice, & Hosek, 1989), Dutch (Van der Ploeg, 1983), Hebrew (Zeidner & Nevo, 1993), Hindi, (Sharma, Sud, & Spielberger, 1983), Hungarian (Sipos, Sipos, & Spielberger, 1985), Italian (Comunian, 1985), Japanese (Araki, Iwawaki, & Spielberger, 1992), Jordanian (Ahlawat, 1989), Korean (Schwarzer & Kim, 1984), Norwegian (Hagtvet, 1984), Spanish (Bauermeister, Collazo, & Spielberber, 1983), and Turkish (Oner et al, 1987) languages. Other studies have compared two or more cultures in terms of their scores on equivalent measures of test anxiety, task performance, and other related constructs.…”