Connections of the rostral ventral respiratory neuronal cell group: an anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the rat

Gaytán, Susana P.; Pásaro, Rosario

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00125-7

Cited by 73 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The cardiovascular component in the current study, however, was minimal in extent, and perhaps less likely to reveal cerebellar group differences. The dorsal medial thalamus showed similar response patterns in both groups; a portion of that region projects to ventral respiratory group neurons in the rat (31).…”

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confidence: 82%

“…The timing of response pattern differences raises the possibility of a role for amygdala structures in mediating the slowing of respiratory rate in CCHS over the increased rate in control subjects during that initial period. The amygdala is not normally considered a "respiratory-related" structure, but can modify respiratory rate, because the central amygdala nucleus projects heavily to respiratory phase-switching areas of the dorsal pons (37), and, on singlepulse stimulation, can pace the respiratory rhythm, a dependency that declines with entry into sleep (38); projections from the amygdala/hippocampal region have also been demonstrated to the ventral respiratory region in the rat (31). A role for the amygdala in breathing control in CCHS is especially of interest, inasmuch as CCHS patients typically do not readily perceive "air hunger" from increasing CO 2 (39) or potential asphyxia, and do not show signs of emotional distress to the condition; affected patients must be encouraged to voluntarily breathe when very relaxed, despite extreme O 2 desaturation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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FMRI Responses to Hyperoxia in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Woo¹,

Macey

et al. 2005

Pediatr Res

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Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) patients show partial retention of peripheral chemoreception despite impaired ventilatory responses to CO 2 and hypoxia. The condition allows examination of central responses to hyperoxia, which minimizes afferent traffic from peripheral chemoreceptors. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess blood oxygen level-dependent signals over the brain during a baseline and subsequent 2-min hyperoxia (100% O 2 ) period in 14 CCHS and 15 control subjects. After partitioning gray matter and correcting for global effects, the images were analyzed using volume-of-interest time trends followed by repeated-measures ANOVA and conventional cluster analyses. Respiratory rates initially (first 20 s) fell in CCHS, but rose in control subjects; CCHS heart rate increased in the first minute, and then decreased in the second minute, as in controls, but with muted rise and extent of decline. Multiple sites within the cerebellum, midbrain, and pons responded similarly to the challenge in both groups. Response patterns differed early in the right amygdala, paralleling initial respiratory pattern deficits, and late in the right insula, concomitant with cardiac rate differences. Signals also differed between groups in the medial and anterior cingulate, hippocampus, head of caudate, and lentiform nuclei, as well as pontine and midbrain structures and regions within the superior temporal and inferior frontal cortical gyri. The findings emphasize that structures that can alter respiratory timing, such as the amygdala, and modulate sympathetic outflow, such as the right insula, are deficient in CCHS. Medullary and pontine areas targeted by PHOX2B expression are also affected. In addition to impaired ventilatory responses to CO 2 and deficient breathing drive during sleep (1), patients with CCHS show inadequate breathing and cardiovascular responses to elevated or lowered levels of O 2 (2-5). The mechanisms involved in altered sensitivity to O 2 in CCHS remain unclear, because some degree of both central and peripheral chemoreception apparently is retained in the syndrome. Respiratory rates increase to hypoxia and decrease to hyperoxia (3,5,6), although both the respiratory and cardiovascular response patterns to challenges are distorted from the normal condition.Determining the neural mechanisms underlying response deficits to differing O 2 levels in CCHS is a significant issue for reasons other than the obvious respiratory implications: CNS responses to hypoxia or hyperoxia recruit the sympathetic nervous system to, among other cardiovascular actions, preferentially alter perfusion of the periphery. CCHS patients show substantial deficits in both sympathetic and parasympathetic components of autonomic nervous system control, which are manifested by such signs as extreme reduction in respiratoryrelated heart rate variability during sleep (7), diminished blood pressure "dipping" during the night (8), syncope to relatively mild provocation (9), a high incidence of cardiac arrhyth...

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confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

FMRI Responses to Hyperoxia in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Woo¹,

Macey

et al. 2005

Pediatr Res

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“…The paralemniscal nucleus has been most closely associated with movement of the pinna muscles (Henkel and Edwards, 1978) but more recently has been shown to project to auricular motoneurons (Panneton and Martin, 1983) and implicated in the production of two repetitive movements, inspiration (Gaytan and Pasaro, 1998) and suckling (Li et al, 1999). The PPTg is associated with motor functions, arousal, and sleep, and lesions of this nucleus cause Parkinsonian-like motor disturbances (Hirsch et al, 1987).…”

Section: Paralemniscal Nucleus and The Pptgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional circuitry involved in the regulation of whisker movements

Hattox

Priest

Keller

2001

J of Comparative Neurology

155

143

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Neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods were used to identify the oligosynaptic circuitry by which the whisker representation of the motor cortex (wMCx) influences the facial motoneurons that control whisking activity (wFMNs). Injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B into physiologically identified wFMNs in the lateral facial nucleus resulted in dense, bilateral labeling throughout the brainstem reticular formation and in the ambiguus nucleus as well as predominantly ipsilateral labeling in the paralemniscal, pedunculopontine tegmental, Kölliker-Fuse, and parabrachial nuclei. In addition, neurons in the following midbrain regions projected to the wFMNs: superior colliculus, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray, mesencephalon, pons, and several nuclei involved in oculomotor behaviors. Injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the wMCx revealed direct projections to the brainstem reticular formation as well as multiple brainstem and midbrain structures shown to project to the wFMNs. Regions in which retrograde labeling and anterograde labeling overlap most extensively include the brainstem parvocellular, gigantocellular, intermediate, and medullary (dorsal and ventral) reticular formations; ambiguus nucleus; and midbrain superior colliculus and deep mesencephalic nucleus. Other regions that contain less dense regions of combined anterograde and retrograde labeling include the following nuclei: the interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus, the pontine reticular formation, and the lateral periaqueductal gray. Premotoneurons that receive dense inputs from the wMCx are likely to be important mediators of cortical regulation of whisker movements and may be a key component in a central pattern generator involved in the generation of rhythmic whisking activity. Keywordscentral pattern generator; motor cortex; facial nucleus; brainstem; rat Production of rhythmic whisker movements ("whisking") is a critical exploratory behavior in several mammalian species (see, e.g., Vincent, 1912;Brecht et al., 1997) and is emerging as a model system for studying mechanisms of voluntary movements (Kleinfeld et al., 1997). Whisking consists of large-amplitude protractions of the large mystacial vibrissae, with spectral components between 6 and 9 Hz (Semba and Komisaruk, 1984). The whisker representation of the motor cortex (wMCx) occupies approximately one-third of the rodent motor cortex, and low-intensity stimulation of this region evokes whisker protractions (Donoghue and Wise, 1982;Weiss and Keller, 1994). The patterns of afferent, efferent, and intracortical connections of the wMCx suggest that the area is devoted primarily to regulating whisker movements (Donoghue and Parham, 1983;Miyashita et al., 1994;Weiss and Keller, 1994). However, the mechanisms by which the wMCx regulates whisking are at present unknown. Support for a role of the wMCx in regulating whisking is derived from studies demonstrating correlations between wMCx unit activity and EMG recorded from the whis...

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“…Respiration is proximally controlled by central pattern generator (CPG) nuclei in the brain stem (Feldman and Ellenberger 1988;Mellen et al 2003;Onimaru and Homma 2003), which integrate a variety of descending inputs from cortical and subcortical structures (Gaytan and Pasaro 1998). Studies in anesthetized animals and in vitro preparations have shown that respiratory patterns can be finely controlled by afferent input (Arata et al 2000;Morris et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and Precise Control of Sniffing During Olfactory Discrimination in Rats

Kepecs

Uchida

Mainen

2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

188

207

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Kepecs A, Uchida N, Mainen ZF. Rapid and precise control of sniffing during olfactory discrimination in rats. J Neurophysiol 98: 205-213, 2007. First published April 25, 2007 doi:10.1152/jn.00071.2007. Olfactory perception relies on an active sampling process, sniffing, to rapidly deliver odorants from the environment to the olfactory receptors. The respiration cycle strongly patterns the flow of information into the olfactory systems, but the behavioral significance of particular sniffing patterns is not well understood. Here, we monitored the frequency and timing of nasal respiration in rats performing an odor-mixture-discrimination task that allowed us to test subjects near psychophysical limits and to quantify the precise timing of their behavior. We found that respiration frequencies varied widely from 2 to 12 Hz, but odor discrimination was dependent on 6-to 9-Hz sniffing: rats almost always entered and maintained this frequency band during odor sampling and their accuracy on difficult discrimination dropped when they did not. Moreover, the switch from baseline respiration to sniffing occurred not in response to odor delivery but in anticipation of odor sampling and was executed rapidly, almost always within a single cycle. Interestingly, rats also switched from respiration to rapid sniffing in anticipation of reward delivery, but in a distinct frequency band, 9 -12 Hz. These results demonstrate the speed and precision of control over respiration and its significance for olfactory behavioral performance.

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Connections of the rostral ventral respiratory neuronal cell group: an anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the rat

Cited by 73 publications

References 51 publications

FMRI Responses to Hyperoxia in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

FMRI Responses to Hyperoxia in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Functional circuitry involved in the regulation of whisker movements

Rapid and Precise Control of Sniffing During Olfactory Discrimination in Rats

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