Conformational epitope mapping of Pru du 6, a major allergen from almond nut

Food Allergy

“…Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), TLPs, 2S albumins, and α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors are examples of such food allergens rich in disulfide bonds. Disulfide bonds help epitope formation (Willison et al 2013) and may stabilize allergenic proteins against heat denaturation and enzyme degradation (Hoffmann-Sommergruber & Mills 2009). Thus, the observed significant decrease in amandin immunoreactivity as a result of a single disulfide bond reduction was not unexpected (Willison et al 2013).…”

“…Disulfide bonds help epitope formation (Willison et al 2013) and may stabilize allergenic proteins against heat denaturation and enzyme degradation (Hoffmann-Sommergruber & Mills 2009). Thus, the observed significant decrease in amandin immunoreactivity as a result of a single disulfide bond reduction was not unexpected (Willison et al 2013). Binding of metals (e.g., parvalbumins, caseins), lipids (e.g., β-lactoglobulin, LTP), and steroids (e.g., Bet v 1-related food proteins) is known to stabilize food allergen structure .…”

“…(a) Amandin linear epitope amino acids 281-295 ( green), mapped byWillison et al (2011). (b) Amandin conformational epitope composed of three discontinuous strands: amino acids 21-45 (red ), 320-328 ( yellow), and 460-465 (blue), mapped byWillison et al (2013). (c) Ovalbumin synthetic linear epitope amino acids 323-339 (red ) complexed with major histocompatibility complex class II ( gray), crystallized byScott et al (1998) (PDB number 1IAO) , Willison et al 2013, Mandalari et al 2014…”

HDX-MS guided drug discovery: small molecules and biopharmaceuticals

“…Mapping of conformational epitopes has traditionally been accomplished by alanine scanning mutagenesis, protease-protection experiments, or x-ray crystallography, which can be labor intensive with each approach having unique limitations [50]. Recent studies have utilized improvements in instrumentation to probe antibody-antigen epitopes of larger, more biologically relevant protein complexes [51-56]. Furthering these studies has demonstrated the role of chemical modifications on the global conformation of monoclonal antibodies and the potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and safety [57].…”

Mapping and characterization of antigenic epitopes of arginine kinase of Scylla paramamosain

“…The identification of epitopes in antibody-antigen interaction is a crucial step in the rational design of novel drugs and immunotherapeutic strategies. Epitopes are typically categorized as either sequential (linear and continuous) or conformational (discontinuous) (Willison et al, 2013). Different methods are used to identify epitopes.…”