Conductive Antibacterial Hemostatic Multifunctional Scaffolds Based on Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Nanosheets for Promoting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria-Infected Wound Healing

Abstract

Chronic bacterial-infected wound healing/skin regeneration remains a challenge due to drug resistance and the poor quality of wound repair. The ideal strategy is combating bacterial infection, while facilitating satisfactory wound healing. However, the reported strategy hardly achieves these two goals simultaneously without the help of antibiotics or bioactive molecules. In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene with excellent conductivity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial ability was applied in developing multifunctional scaffolds (HPEM) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wound healing. HPEM scaffolds were fabricated by the reaction between the poly(glycerol-ethylenimine), Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene@polydopamine (MXene@PDA) nanosheets, and oxidized hyaluronic acid (HCHO). HPEM scaffolds presented multifunctional properties containing selfhealing behavior, electrical conductivity, tissue-adhesive feature, antibacterial activity especially for MRSA resistant to many commonly used antibiotics (antibacterial efficiency was 99.03%), and rapid hemostatic capability. HPEM scaffolds enhanced the proliferation of normal skin cells with negligible toxicity. Additionally, HPEM scaffolds obviously accelerated the MRSAinfected wound healing (wound closure ratio was 96.31%) by efficient anti-inflammation effects, promoting cell proliferation, and the angiogenic process, stimulating granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, vascular endothelial differentiation, and angiogenesis. This study indicates the important role of multifunctional 2D MXene@PDA nanosheets in infected wound healing. HPEM scaffolds with multifunctional properties provide a potential strategy for MRSA-infected wound healing/skin regeneration.

In Situ Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles‐Decorated Bacterial Cellulose/Gelatin Hydrogel with Enhanced Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti‐Inflammatory Capabilities for Facilitating Skin Wound Healing

“…A better granulation tissue formation with more fibroblasts and other cells, as well as accumulated extracellular matrix, is important for the wound repair process. [ 47,48 ] As shown in Figure 5E,F, the granulation tissues in the BC/Gel and BC/Gel/SeNPs hydrogel groups were thicker than both the BC and Gauze group, and the BC/Gel/SeNPs hydrogel group presented the maximum value among all groups ( p < 0.01), further suggesting the best effect of the BC/Gel/SeNPs hydrogel on promoting the wound healing.…”

Nanofiber-mediated sequential photothermal antibacteria and macrophage polarization for healing MRSA-infected diabetic wounds

“…6 b and e). Immunofluorescence staining of Ki67 was performed to investigate cell proliferation [ 78 ]. As shown in Additional file 1 : Fig.…”

Performance of Polydopamine Complex and Mechanisms in Wound Healing

“…This structure can also improve the mechanical strength of the material by increasing the cross-linking density, but it is not as stable as the previous combination. This is because if the dynamic Schiff base network is interrupted over time, the support network may be disbanded [ 34 ].…”

“…Therefore, PDA can be combined with other materials to form scaffolds with low cytotoxicity and excellent biodegradability. Among them, the degree of cell damage and death under the dressing can be quantitatively determined by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release method [ 34 ]. Fluorescence-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) can measure the amount of protein adsorbed on the film and evaluate its biocompatibility [ 60 ].…”

“…PDA nanoparticles can promote cell protrusions, such as flakes and filamentous feet, and promote cell proliferation through expansion [ 109 ]. The cells adhered to the PDA scaffold formed superior α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein bundles and provided greater adhesion [ 34 ]. Certain non-structural proteins in ECM also play an important role in cell adhesion and proliferation.…”