Conception of an electric propulsion system for a 9 kW electric tractor suitable for family farming

Melo, Rodnei Regis de; Antunes, Fernando Luiz Marcelo; Daher, Sérgio; Vogt, Hans Heinrich; Albiero, Daniel; Tofoli, Fernando Lessa

doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0353

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Studies about the technical and economical feasibility of BETs have been presented in literature mainly for small family farming tractors [51]- [56], but there were few analysis on heavy-duty row crop tractors too [57]- [59].…”

Section: ) Bets: Battery Electric Tractorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: A Review

et al. 2021

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Today, agriculture industry has a significant impact in global greenhouse gas emissions. A large amount of pollutants come from diesel internal combustion engines, widely used in agricultural machinery. Since mechanization in agriculture is fundamental to achieve a proper food production for a growing human population, changes are needed in common agriculture engineering thinking in order to develop new farming machinery that could outperform conventional ones in terms of environmental impact, as well as performance, productivity and safety. Electrification is a feasible solution. A comprehensive review about agricultural machinery electrification is reported in this paper, with a particular focus on hybrid electric tractors and their implements. The introduction of electric drives in farming tractors is discussed in detail by looking at the main findings in literature and considering state-of-the-art technology. Proposals and prototypes from manufacturers are covered too, as well as economic assessments and future trends.

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Section: ) Bets: Battery Electric Tractorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 10 outlines the full-electric powertrain of a 9 kW prototype conceived and manufactured in [51] for testing purposes. The drivetrain has a rear-wheel traction configuration, featuring two 4.5 kW induction motors, where each motor is dedicated to drive a distinct traction wheel.…”

Section: ) Bets: Battery Electric Tractorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Considering loose soil, the large tractor with the power source from the internal combustion diesel engine coupled to a mechanical transmission system in the MFWD system, according to the D497 standard, has an overall efficiency in the transfer of tractor/plow power of 53.9%. In this work, agricultural swarm robots will be considered as a result of research by Melo et al (2019) and Vogt (2018) that designed and dimensioned a small electric tractor powered by electrochemical power from batteries and electric engines direct drive in tracks on a rubber mat. In this configuration, the overall efficiency in the transfer of tractor/plow power is 76.4%.…”

Section: Operational and Cost Comparativementioning

confidence: 99%

Swarm Robots in Mechanized Agricultural Operations: Roadmap for Research

Albiero

García

Umezu

et al. 2020

Anais Do Congresso Brasileiro De Automática 2020

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Agricultural mechanization is an area of knowledge that has evolved a lot over the past century, its main actors being agricultural tractors that, in 100 years, have increased their powers by 3,300%. This evolution has resulted in an exponential increase in the field capacity of such machines. However, it has also generated negative results such as excessive consumption of fossil fuel, excessive weight on the soil, very high operating costs, and millionaire acquisition value. This paper aims to present an antiparadigmatic alternative in this area. It is proposing a swarm of small electric robotic tractors that together have the same field capacity as a large tractor with an internal combustion engine. A comparison of costs and field capacity between a 270 kW tractor and a swarm of ten swarm tractors of 24 kW each was carried out. The result demonstrated a wide advantage for the small robot team. It was also proposed the preliminary design of an electric swarm robot tractor. Finally, research challenges were suggested to operationalize such a proposal, calling on the Brazilian Robotics Research Community to elaborate a roadmap for research in the area of swarm robot for mechanized agricultural operations.

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“…To leverage on the advantages of electric vehicle technologies, electric tractors were developed for pesticide applications and other agricultural purposes. The main advantages are that such operation does not require high power; as such, their power demand can be met by the electric batteries [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Though much progress has been achieved on improving batteries' performance, its energy density is still lower than that of conventional fuel, and the cost is still high [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Online Adaptive Traction Control for Electric Robotic Tractors

et al. 2021

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Estimation and control of wheel slip is a critical consideration in preventing loss of traction, minimizing power consumptions, and reducing soil disturbance. An approach to wheel slip estimation and control, which is robust to sensor noises and modeling imperfection, has been investigated in this study. The proposed method uses a simplified form of wheels longitudinal dynamic and the measurement of wheel and vehicle speeds to estimate and control the optimum slip. The longitudinal wheel forces were estimated using a robust sliding mode observer. A straightforward and simple interpolation method, which involves the use of Burckhardt tire model, instantaneous values of wheel slip, and the estimate of longitudinal force, was used to determine the optimum slip ratio that guarantees maximum friction coefficient between the wheel and the road surface. An integral sliding mode control strategy was also developed to force the wheel slip to track the desired optimum value. The algorithm was tested in Matlab/Simulink environment and later implemented on an autonomous electric vehicle test platform developed by the Nanjing agricultural university. Results from simulation and field tests on surfaces with different friction coefficients (μ) have proved that the algorithm can detect an abrupt change in terrain friction coefficient; it can also estimate and track the optimum slip. More so, the result has shown that the algorithm is robust to bounded variations on the weight on the wheels and rolling resistance. During simulation and field test, the system reduced the slip from non-optimal values of about 0.8 to optimal values of less than 0.2. The algorithm achieved a reduction in slip ratio by reducing the torque delivery to the wheel, which invariably leads to a reduction in wheel velocity.

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Conception of an electric propulsion system for a 9 kW electric tractor suitable for family farming

Cited by 31 publications

References 25 publications

Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: A Review

Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: A Review

Swarm Robots in Mechanized Agricultural Operations: Roadmap for Research

Development of Online Adaptive Traction Control for Electric Robotic Tractors

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