Formulas, simple computer programs, graphs and tables are given to aid in the design and construction of 2-port standards for rectangular waveguide and coaxial line. Only standards consisting of reduced height waveguide, increased ODIC (outside diameter of inner conductor), or reduced IDOC (inside diameter of outer conductor) coaxial line are considered. Examples of the calculation of S 1 , , S", and group delay, and their measurement with automatic network analyzers are given. Some of the important sources of error in the standards are discussed and design data are presented for specific standards .