Comprehensive expression profiling of the pectin methylesterase gene family during silique development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Louvet, Romain; Cavel, Émilie; Gutierrez, Laurent; Guénin, Stéphanie; Roger, David; Gillet, Françoise; Guérineau, François; Pelloux, Jérôme

doi:10.1007/s00425-006-0261-9

Cited by 125 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…PMEs interacting with AtPMEI-1 and AtPMEI-2 were identified as AtPME3 (At3g14310), shown to be mainly expressed in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, leaves, and roots (Micheli et al, 1998;Pina et al, 2005;Louvet et al, 2006) and At2g43050 mainly expressed in siliques and stems (Micheli et al, 1998;Pina et al, 2005;Louvet et al, 2006; see also the gene expression database: http://csbdb.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/). The finding that both PMEs were associated with both inhibitors is consistent with the large spectrum of recognition played by the inhibitors (Mattei et al, 2002;Ciardiello et al, 2004;Raiola et al, 2004;Di Matteo et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors in Arabidopsis Restricts Fungal Infection by Botrytis cinerea

Lionetti

Raiola

Camardella³

et al. 2007

Plant Physiology

308

306

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(M.P.) Pectin, one of the main components of plant cell wall, is secreted in a highly methylesterified form and is demethylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterase (PME). The action of PME is important in plant development and defense and makes pectin susceptible to hydrolysis by enzymes such as endopolygalacturonases. Regulation of PME activity by specific protein inhibitors (PMEIs) can, therefore, play a role in plant development as well as in defense by influencing the susceptibility of the wall to microbial endopolygalacturonases. To test this hypothesis, we have constitutively expressed the genes AtPMEI-1 and AtPMEI-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and targeted the proteins into the apoplast. The overexpression of the inhibitors resulted in a decrease of PME activity in transgenic plants, and two PME isoforms were identified that interacted with both inhibitors. While the content of uronic acids in transformed plants was not significantly different from that of wild type, the degree of pectin methylesterification was increased by about 16%. Moreover, differences in the fine structure of pectins of transformed plants were observed by enzymatic fingerprinting. Transformed plants showed a slight but significant increase in root length and were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The reduced symptoms caused by the fungus on transgenic plants were related to its impaired ability to grow on methylesterified pectins.Pectin is a structurally complex polysaccharide that accounts for nearly 35% of the dicot and nongraminaceous monocot primary cell wall. A main component of pectin is homogalacturonan (HGA) consisting of a backbone of 1,4-linked a-D-GalUA units, with variable amounts of methylester in the C 6 position. Pectins are secreted into the cell wall in a highly methylesterified form and, soon thereafter, are deesterified in muro by pectin methylesterase (PME; Brummell and Harpster, 2001;Willats et al., 2001). Demethylesterification produces free carboxyl groups and modifies the pH and charge of the wall, allowing the aggregation of polyuronides into a calcium-linked gel structure and increasing the wall firmness (Willats et al., 2001). In addition, the action of PMEs makes HGA susceptible to degradation by hydrolases such as endopolygalacturonases (endoPGs), contributing to the softening of the cell wall (Brummell and Harpster, 2001;Wakabayashi et al., 2003).Plant PMEs are involved in important physiological processes such as microsporogenesis, pollen growth, pollen separation, seed germination, root development, polarity of leaf growth, stem elongation, fruit ripening, and loss of tissue integrity

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors in Arabidopsis Restricts Fungal Infection by Botrytis cinerea

Lionetti

Raiola

Camardella³

et al. 2007

Plant Physiology

308

306

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“…PttPME1 Is an Abundant PME Involved in Xylogenesis PME is a ubiquitous enzyme in plants, encoded by 66 genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), most showing tissue-and stress-specific expression patterns (Louvet et al, 2006;Pelloux et al, 2007; http://www. afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/CAZY/CE_8.html).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pectin Methyl Esterase Inhibits Intrusive and Symplastic Cell Growth in Developing Wood Cells ofPopulus

et al. 2007

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Wood cells, unlike most other cells in plants, grow by a unique combination of intrusive and symplastic growth. Fibers grow in diameter by diffuse symplastic growth, but they elongate solely by intrusive apical growth penetrating the pectin-rich middle lamella that cements neighboring cells together. In contrast, vessel elements grow in diameter by a combination of intrusive and symplastic growth. We demonstrate that an abundant pectin methyl esterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) from wood-forming tissues of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula 3 tremuloides) acts as a negative regulator of both symplastic and intrusive growth of developing wood cells. When PttPME1 expression was up-and down-regulated in transgenic aspen trees, the PME activity in wood-forming tissues was correspondingly altered. PME removes methyl ester groups from homogalacturonan (HG) and transgenic trees had modified HG methylesterification patterns, as demonstrated by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and immunostaining using PAM1 and LM7 antibodies. In situ distributions of PAM1 and LM7 epitopes revealed changes in pectin methylesterification in transgenic trees that were specifically localized in expanding wood cells. The results show that en block deesterification of HG by PttPME1 inhibits both symplastic growth and intrusive growth. PttPME1 is therefore involved in mechanisms determining fiber width and length in the wood of aspen trees.

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“…In Arabidopsis, PMEI-related proteins are encoded by a large multigene family with 69 members, with only PMEI6 associated with a loss-offunction phenotype. Future studies will be required to identify the PME protein target(s) of PMEI6 and SBT1.7; in silico data and promoter:GUS constructs have shown that several of the 66 members of the PME gene family are expressed in seed tissues and seven PMEs appear to be strongly expressed in the seed coat (Louvet et al, 2006;Le et al, 2010). It will also be important to determine the precise nature of their HG substrates and to elucidate how PME activity is fine-tuned in seed coat epidermal cells.…”

Section: Transcriptional Regulation Of Hg Methylesterification In Seementioning

confidence: 99%

PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 Promotes Arabidopsis Mucilage Release by Limiting Methylesterification of Homogalacturonan in Seed Coat Epidermal Cells

et al. 2013

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Imbibed seeds of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Djarly are affected in mucilage release from seed coat epidermal cells. The impaired locus was identified as a pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene, PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 (PMEI6), specifically expressed in seed coat epidermal cells at the time when mucilage polysaccharides are accumulated. This spatio-temporal regulation appears to be modulated by GLABRA2 and LEUNIG HOMOLOG/MUCILAGE MODIFIED1, as expression of PMEI6 is reduced in mutants of these transcription regulators. In pmei6, mucilage release was delayed and outer cell walls of epidermal cells did not fragment. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylate homogalacturonan (HG), and the majority of HG found in wild-type mucilage was in fact derived from outer cell wall fragments. This correlated with the absence of methylesterified HG labeling in pmei6, whereas transgenic plants expressing the PMEI6 coding sequence under the control of the 35S promoter had increased labeling of cell wall fragments. Activity tests on seeds from pmei6 and 35S: PMEI6 transgenic plants showed that PMEI6 inhibits endogenous PME activities, in agreement with reduced overall methylesterification of mucilage fractions and demucilaged seeds. Another regulator of PME activity in seed coat epidermal cells, the subtilisin-like Ser protease SBT1.7, acts on different PMEs, as a pmei6 sbt1.7 mutant showed an additive phenotype.

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Comprehensive expression profiling of the pectin methylesterase gene family during silique development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 125 publications

References 49 publications

Overexpression of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors in Arabidopsis Restricts Fungal Infection by Botrytis cinerea

Overexpression of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors in Arabidopsis Restricts Fungal Infection by Botrytis cinerea

Pectin Methyl Esterase Inhibits Intrusive and Symplastic Cell Growth in Developing Wood Cells ofPopulus

PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 Promotes Arabidopsis Mucilage Release by Limiting Methylesterification of Homogalacturonan in Seed Coat Epidermal Cells

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