Compositions and Structural Geometries of Scaffolds Used in the Regeneration of Cleft Palates: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common birth defects, presenting a multitude of negative impacts on the health of the patient. It also leads to increased mortality at all stages of life, economic costs and psychosocial effects. The embryological development of CP has been outlined thanks to the advances made in recent years due to biomolecular successions. The etiology is broad and combines certain environmental and genetic factors. Currently, all surgical interventions work off the principle of restoring the area of the fissure and aesthetics of the patient, making use of bone substitutes. These can involve biological products, such as a demineralized bone matrix, as well as natural–synthetic polymers, and can be supplemented with nutrients or growth factors. For this reason, the following review analyzes different biomaterials in which nutrients or biomolecules have been added to improve the bioactive properties of the tissue construct to regenerate new bone, taking into account the greatest limitations of this approach, which are its use for bone substitutes for large areas exclusively and the lack of vascularity. Bone tissue engineering is a promising field, since it favors the development of porous synthetic substitutes with the ability to promote rapid and extensive vascularization within their structures for the regeneration of the CP area.

Construction of Customized Bio Incubator and Designing of Tailored Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering from Laboratory Scale Up to Clinical Scale

“…Therefore, an urgent need to develop and ameliorate bio-mimetic-bone grafts (BGs) as several million people worldwide have become witnesses of orthopedic ailments every year [15,16]. Here, bone tissue engineering (BTE) remains the most effective, low cost and promising approach that could mitigate the side effects combined with the typical gold standard techniques [17]. Regardless of the progress of several biomaterials, tannin compositions have received recent attention for their potential use as a smart graft material with stem cells 21 instead 18 [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] for creating a hierarchical bone structure.…”