Abstract:Objectives: to determine the fatty acid composition of mature milk of nursing mothers and its distribution according to some maternal variables. Methods: this is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study based on the eva-luation of the fatty acid profile of mature human milk. Samples of mature breast milk were taken from 106 nursing mothers, by manual milking and who were after the 5th postpartum week. The milk fat extraction was carried out by using the Bligh and Dyer method and methy-lated with … Show more
“…Overall, the MUFAs were the most abundant FAs in the UFA class in all these studies including the present study. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was found to be the most abundant MUFA (32.12 ± 4.08%), which was similar to the studies by Wan [29][30][31]. A positive relationship was found between the gestational age (r = 0.563, p ˂ 0.001), birth weight (r = 0.404, p < 0.017), and growth velocity (r = 0.491, p ˂ 0.004) with Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n6 %).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was found to be the most abundant MUFA (32.12 ± 4.08%), which was similar to the studies by Wan et al (2010) (31.26 ± 3.72%), Miliku et al (2019) (37.05 ± 3.59%), and Thakkar et al (2019) (35.22 ± 5.16%), comprising 88% of the total MUFAs [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The PUFAs comprised 15.70% (±7.10%) of the total FAs, which is similar to the value found by Koletzko (2016) (15.2 ± 4.26 %) Bzikowska-Jura et al (2019) (15.1 ± 3.4%) and Freitas et al (2020) (14.94 ± 5.07%) [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. A positive relationship was found between the gestational age (r = 0.563, p ˂ 0.001), birth weight (r = 0.404, p < 0.017), and growth velocity (r = 0.491, p ˂ 0.004) with Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n6 %).…”
This study aimed to analyze the fatty acid content in human milk and to find its relationship with the growth velocity of preterm infants. Mature milk samples from 15 mothers of preterm infants were collected from three different hospitals, followed by lipid extraction, fatty acid methylation, and finally gas chromatography analysis to determine the fatty acids composition. The average total lipid content was 3.61 ± 1.57 g/100 mL with the following classes of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids 43.54 ± 11.16%, unsaturated fatty acids 52.22 ± 10.89%, in which monounsaturated fatty acids were 36.52 ± 13.90%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 15.70 ± 7.10%. Polyunsaturated fatty acid sub-class n-6 was 15.23 ± 8.23% and n-3 was 0.46 ± 0.18%. Oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids. The n-6/n-3 ratio was 32.83:1. EPA and DHA fatty acids were not detected. As gestational age and birth weight increase, C20:2n6 content increases. The growth velocity increases with the decrement in C16 and increment in C20:2n6. The lipid profile of preterm human milk was found to be low in some essential fatty acids, which may affect the quality of preterm infants’ nutrition.
“…Overall, the MUFAs were the most abundant FAs in the UFA class in all these studies including the present study. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was found to be the most abundant MUFA (32.12 ± 4.08%), which was similar to the studies by Wan [29][30][31]. A positive relationship was found between the gestational age (r = 0.563, p ˂ 0.001), birth weight (r = 0.404, p < 0.017), and growth velocity (r = 0.491, p ˂ 0.004) with Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n6 %).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was found to be the most abundant MUFA (32.12 ± 4.08%), which was similar to the studies by Wan et al (2010) (31.26 ± 3.72%), Miliku et al (2019) (37.05 ± 3.59%), and Thakkar et al (2019) (35.22 ± 5.16%), comprising 88% of the total MUFAs [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The PUFAs comprised 15.70% (±7.10%) of the total FAs, which is similar to the value found by Koletzko (2016) (15.2 ± 4.26 %) Bzikowska-Jura et al (2019) (15.1 ± 3.4%) and Freitas et al (2020) (14.94 ± 5.07%) [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. A positive relationship was found between the gestational age (r = 0.563, p ˂ 0.001), birth weight (r = 0.404, p < 0.017), and growth velocity (r = 0.491, p ˂ 0.004) with Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n6 %).…”
This study aimed to analyze the fatty acid content in human milk and to find its relationship with the growth velocity of preterm infants. Mature milk samples from 15 mothers of preterm infants were collected from three different hospitals, followed by lipid extraction, fatty acid methylation, and finally gas chromatography analysis to determine the fatty acids composition. The average total lipid content was 3.61 ± 1.57 g/100 mL with the following classes of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids 43.54 ± 11.16%, unsaturated fatty acids 52.22 ± 10.89%, in which monounsaturated fatty acids were 36.52 ± 13.90%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 15.70 ± 7.10%. Polyunsaturated fatty acid sub-class n-6 was 15.23 ± 8.23% and n-3 was 0.46 ± 0.18%. Oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids. The n-6/n-3 ratio was 32.83:1. EPA and DHA fatty acids were not detected. As gestational age and birth weight increase, C20:2n6 content increases. The growth velocity increases with the decrement in C16 and increment in C20:2n6. The lipid profile of preterm human milk was found to be low in some essential fatty acids, which may affect the quality of preterm infants’ nutrition.
“…It is noteworthy that DHA and ARA are present in the phospholipids of cell membranes and directly influence neuronal development, visual acuity and the baby's immune system (Freitas, et al, 2019).…”
The purpose of this case study was to investigate polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk of a nursing mother attended to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass two months prior to pregnancy. For this, was collected 2ml (colostrum), 4ml (transitional milk) and 4ml (mature milk) samples obtained by manual expression of the breast that was not sucked in the last feeding, in the morning and placed in Eppendorfs-type microtubes. The fatty acid composition was performed by means of gas chromatography. The mean proportions of fat in colostrum, transition milk and mature milk were: eicosapentaenoic acid: 0.06%; 0.05% and 0.06%; docosahexaenoic acid: 0.12%, 0.08% and 0.09%; arachidonic acid: 0.58%, 0.37% and 0.42%, respectively; trans fatty from the industrial process: 0.11%, 0.08% and 0.12% and trans fatty from ruminant sources (0.09%, 0.10% and 0.12%, respectively. The relevance of this case study lies in the fact that it shares knowledge about on the fatty acid composition of breast milk from a nursing mother post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The mean linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid found in the mature milk was below the means found in studies carried out in Brazil from eutrophic women who did not underwent bariatric surgery. In this study, trans fatty acids were found in maternal milk but considered low values. As a relevant recommendation for future work, it is suggested that research be carried out with a larger population undergoing such a procedure to investigate the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk.
“…These fatty acids and their precursors (exogenous compounds) are not produced by the body and have supplied with the diet. Omega fatty acids are metabolized by the same enzymes, but fatty acids from one omega group cannot be converted to another group [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] (Figure 5). precursors (exogenous compounds) are not produced by the body and have supplied with the diet.…”
Section: Cytokine Synthesis In Human Organism Breast Milk and Their Role In Biogenesismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…precursors (exogenous compounds) are not produced by the body and have supplied with the diet. Omega fatty acids are metabolized by the same enzymes, but fatty acids from one omega group cannot be converted to another group [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] (Figure 5). α-Linolenic acid (ALA, the precursor of the omega-3 family), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the major fatty acids of the omega-3 family.…”
Section: Cytokine Synthesis In Human Organism Breast Milk and Their Role In Biogenesismentioning
Cytokines play a huge role in many biological processes. Their production, release and interactions are subject to a very complex mechanism. Cytokines are produced by all types of cells, they function very differently and they are characterized by synergism in action, antagonism, and aggregation activity, opposing action of one cytokine, overlapping activity, induction of another cytokine, inhibition of cytokine synthesis at the mRNA level as well as autoregulation-stimulation or inhibition of own production. The predominance of pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to a systemic inflammatory response, and anti-inflammatory-to an anti-inflammatory response. They regulate the organism’s immune response and protect it against sudden disturbances in homeostasis. The synthesis and activity of cytokines are influenced by the central nervous system through the endocrine system (pituitary gland, adrenal glands).
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