Cytokines-Biogenesis and Their Role in Human Breast Milk and Determination

Kiełbasa, Anna; Gadzała‐Kopciuch, Renata; Buszewski, Bogusław

doi:10.3390/ijms22126238

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…This is a paramount property of human milk, considering that newborns are commonly deficient. Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mothers' milk are presented in Figure 2 [30]. Recent studies underline the importance of human milk lactoferrin as immunomodulating factor.…”

Section: Immune Healthmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment

et al. 2021

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Human breast milk not only has nutritional properties but also holds a functional role. It contains various bioactive factors (lactoferrin, lysozyme, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, cytokines, hormones, human milk oligosaccharides, microbiome, microRNAs and stem cells) shown to contribute to several short- and long-term health outcomes. Some of these factors appear to be involved in the infant’s neuro-cognitive development, anti-oncogenic processes, cellular communication and differentiation. Furthermore, breast milk is increasingly recognized to have dynamic characteristics and to play a fundamental role in the cross-talking mother-neonate. This narrative review aims to provide a summary and an update on these bioactive substances, exploring their functions mainly on immunomodulation, microbiome and virome development. Although the knowledge about breast milk potentiality has significantly improved, leading to discovering unexpected functions, the exact mechanisms with which breast milk exercises its bioactivity have not been completely clarified. This can represent a fertile ground for exploring and understanding the complexity behind these functional elements to develop new therapeutic strategies.

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Section: Immune Healthmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This is a paramount property of human milk, considering that newborns are commonly deficient. Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mothers' milk are presented in Figure 2 [30].…”

Section: Immune Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment

et al. 2021

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“…Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein with bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli , Candida albicans , and other pathogens, such as viruses ( 22 ), is higher in colostrum (5 g/L) than in mature milk [1.4g/L; ( 17 ); Figure 1 ]. In addition, human breast milk contains pluripotent stem cells and leucocytes ( 23 – 26 ), plus inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines ( 27 ). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids, have immunomodulatory properties and participate in several developmental and cognitive processes ( 28 ).…”

Section: Non-nutritive Components and Immunological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk and the Importance of Chrononutrition

et al. 2022

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During pregnancy the human fetus receives timed cues from the circadian rhythms of temperature, metabolites, and hormones from the mother. This influence is interrupted after parturition, the infant does not secrete melatonin and their circadian rhythms are still immature. However, evolution provided the solution to this problem. The newborn can continue receiving the mother's timed cues through breastmilk. Colostrum, transitional, and mature human milk are extraordinary complex biofluids that besides nutrients, contain an array of other non-nutritive components. Upon birth the first milk, colostrum, is rich in bioactive, immunological factors, and in complex oligosaccharides which help the proper establishment of the microbiome in the gut, which is crucial for the infants' health. Hormones, such as glucocorticoids and melatonin, transfer from the mother's plasma to milk, and then the infant is exposed to circadian cues from their mother. Also, milk components of fat, proteins, amino acids, and endogenous cannabinoids, among others, have a markedly different concentration between day and night. In the present review, we give an overview of nutritive and non-nutritive components and their daily rhythms in human milk and explore their physiological importance for the infant. Finally, we highlight some interventions with a circadian approach that emphasize the importance of circadian rhythms in the newborn for their survival, proper growth, and development. It is estimated that ~600,000 deaths/year are due to suboptimal breastfeeding. It is advisable to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding, during the day and night, as was established by the evolution of our species.

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“…Therefore, changes in the milk content of triacylglycerols and cholesterol may reflect a more complex internal response, which can participate in a cognitive improvement. Moreover, maternal behavior and milk production share neuroendocrine mediators, which determine lactating physiology and cognition ( Jurek and Neumann 2018 ; Kiełbasa et al 2021 ). Thus, this work aimed to establish the effects of dietary polyphenols on lactating women, based on the hypothesis that polyphenol intake during postpartum enhances executive/attentional functioning and memory in association with a quantitative and qualitative improvement of the human milk lipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake of Polyphenols Enhances Executive/Attentional Functioning and Memory with an Improvement of the Milk Lipid Profile of Postpartum Women from Argentina

et al. 2022

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Puerperium may lead to memory and executive/attentional complaints that interfere with women’s daily life. This might be prevented by dietary compounds, such as neuroprotective polyphenols. Their bioactivity depends on their effects on lipid metabolism in different tissues, such as the brain, fat, and breast. Thus, a polyphenol-related cognitive improvement may be associated with changes of lipids in human milk, which are key for infant neurodevelopment. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 postpartum women from Córdoba (Argentina), involving several neuropsychological tests. Diet was registered to identify polyphenol intake and food pattern adherence, with sociodemographic and other psychological variables (insomnia, stress, subjective cognitive complaints) being also studied. Triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and their oxidative forms were analyzed as milk biomarkers. Multivariate statistical methods were applied. Results confirmed that women who consumed polyphenols presented better executive/attentional performance (i.e., higher correct responses, conceptual level responses, complete categories, verbal fluency; lower attentional interferences, and perseverative errors) and word retention with lower interference. Polyphenols were positively associated with milk lipids, which were higher in women with better cognition. Furthermore, they had lower oxidized triacylglycerols. In conclusion, polyphenolic intake during postpartum may improve executive/attentional functioning, memory, and milk lipid profile.

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Cytokines-Biogenesis and Their Role in Human Breast Milk and Determination

Cited by 19 publications

References 66 publications

Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment

Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment

Breast Milk and the Importance of Chrononutrition

Dietary Intake of Polyphenols Enhances Executive/Attentional Functioning and Memory with an Improvement of the Milk Lipid Profile of Postpartum Women from Argentina

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