Composition and Quality of Musts and Wines of California Grapes

Amerine, M. A.; Winkler, A. J.

doi:10.3733/hilg.v15n06p493

Cited by 307 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…First, we calculated the growing season (see Table 1 for calendar definitions of all seasons) base 10°C growing-degree day summation and established the Winkler region (40,41). Regions I (1,111-1,390 growing-degree days) and II (1,391-1,670 growing-degree days) generally produce the best dry table wines with light to medium body and good balance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century

White

Diffenbaugh

Jones

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

321

240

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Premium wine production is limited to regions climatically conducive to growing grapes with balanced composition and varietal typicity. Three central climatic conditions are required: (i) adequate heat accumulation; (ii) low risk of severe frost damage; and (iii) the absence of extreme heat. Although wine production is possible in an extensive climatic range, the highest-quality wines require a delicate balance among these three conditions. Although historical and projected average temperature changes are known to influence global wine quality, the potential future response of wineproducing regions to spatially heterogeneous changes in extreme events is largely unknown. Here, by using a high-resolution regional climate model forced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario, we estimate that potential premium winegrape production area in the conterminous United States could decline by up to 81% by the late 21st century. While increases in heat accumulation will shift wine production to warmer climate varieties and͞or lower-quality wines, and frost constraints will be reduced, increases in the frequency of extreme hot days (>35°C) in the growing season are projected to eliminate winegrape production in many areas of the United States. Furthermore, grape and wine production will likely be restricted to a narrow West Coast region and the Northwest and Northeast, areas currently facing challenges related to excess moisture. Our results not only imply large changes for the premium wine industry, but also highlight the importance of incorporating fine-scale processes and extreme events in climate-change impact studies.climate change ͉ enology ͉ grape ͉ viticulture ͉ winegrape A number of observations indicate that warming has occurred during the late 20th and early 21st centuries at the Earth's surface (1), in the troposphere (2-4), and in the oceans (5). The majority of this warming has likely been caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (6), and if such emissions continue unabated, global mean temperatures are likely to rise by 2-6°C over the next century (1). This mean global warming will likely manifest itself over a range of spatial and temporal scales, altering mean seasonal climate (e.g., ref. 7), interannual climate variability (e.g., ref. 8), and the frequency and magnitude of extreme events (e.g., refs. 9-11).Such climatic changes could have a wide variety of important impacts on sectors such as human health (12), biological invasions (13), species extinctions (14), and water (15) and energy (16) resources. Because the quality and production of cultivated crops are directly influenced by local climate variables, agricultural systems may be particularly susceptible to climate change. For at least five reasons, the cultivation of grapes for the production of premium wine provides an optimal case for assessing potential impacts of climate change. First, premium wines are produced conterminously with human habitation an...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century

White

Diffenbaugh

Jones

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

321

240

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“…A wide variety of systems have been developed to describe the viticultural potential of a climatic region (inter alia, Amerine & Winkler, 1944;Smart & Dry, 1980;Huglin, 1986). In the South African context, the Western Cape viticultural regions have been divided by Le Roux (1974) according to the heat summation model of Amerine & Winkler (1944), as well as by De Villiers et al (1996), according to the mean temperature of the warmest month model of Smart & Dry (1980), using the mean February temperatures. High temperatures have been reported to result in lower anthocyanin (Kliewer, 1970;Bergqvist et al, 2001;Spayd et al, 2002) and total phenol (Bergqvist et al, 2001) berry content compared to lower temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic Region and Vine Structure: Effect on Pinotage Wine Phenolic Composition, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Colour

Beer

Marais

Schalkwyk

et al. 2017

SAJEV

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“…One of the earliest indices developed for agriculture is the heat units concept using GDD 10 (Amerine and Winkler, 1944). Correlating the GDD 10 with quality wine grape production has led to Winkler heat unit regions, whereby increasing Winkler region numbering (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4) denotes increased heat units accumulating during the growing season (Winkler et al, 1974).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, the latitude-temperature index (LTI; Jackson and Cherry, 1988) was developed and is generally thought to better discriminate between cool climate viticulture areas (i.e., those in Winkler regions 1 and 2) than the GDD 10 . Cool climate regions are generally defined as those where the GDD 10 is <1390 (Amerine and Winkler, 1944) and/or where the LTI is <270 (Jackson and Cherry, 1988). Based on these assessment frameworks, the Okanagan Valley would be generally considered a region of cool climate viticulture (Figures 4 and 5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projected Climate Change Impacts on Grape Growing in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada

Rayne¹,

Forest²,

Friesen³

2011

Nature Precedings

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A statistical analysis was conducted on long-term climate records in the Okanagan Valley wine grape growing region of British Columbia, Canada. No observable trends for average annual temperatures were found in the region. Analyses of monthly mean and extreme temperatures show wide spatial and temporal heterogeneity, indicating that future studies using downscaling of global climate models for this region will require resolutions on the order of several kilometers. Mean winter temperatures are increasing throughout the valley, and extreme minimum temperatures are also increasing during the winter at the central and northern sites which have historically presented the most risk of winter damage to grapevines. Only the most southern and northern sub-regions are expected to see significant changes in their heat unit accumulations during the growing season. Over the coming century, the southern end of the valley will likely move from Winkler heat unit region 1 to 2. All regions of the Okanagan will continue to have latitude-temperature indices among the lowest of the world's fine table wine producing regions over the coming century. Growing season and dormant season average temperatures are expected to change by only a modest amount by 2100. Current climate maturity groupings for ripening grape varieties will likely stay constant at cool (central and southern areas) and intermediate (south-central) for all sites except Osoyoos (south). The climate trendings at Osoyoos suggest it will transition from an intermediate to a warm grouping by about 2050. The early to mid-season ripening capacity of the region may improve due to climate changes, but there is a risk of the asymmetric late season increases in minimum daily temperatures lowering the daily temperature range at some sites, possibly leading to difficulties in maintaining a balanced between sugar and sensory profiles as wine grapes approach maturity. The projected warming at the southern end of the valley should favor improved and increased Merlot production, will require Chardonnay production to shift northwards, and will allow growing of warmer climate wine grape varieties currently inaccessible because of low winter temperatures and a lack of growing season heat units. Increasing winter temperatures throughout the region are expected to result in increased risk of pests such as Pierces disease.

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Composition and Quality of Musts and Wines of California Grapes

Cited by 307 publications

References 2 publications

Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century

Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century

Climatic Region and Vine Structure: Effect on Pinotage Wine Phenolic Composition, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Colour

Projected Climate Change Impacts on Grape Growing in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada

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