Composite amperometric tyrosinase biosensors for the determination of the additive propyl gallate in a reversed micellar medium

A silica–titania sensor material prepared by cetylpyridinium chloride assisted sol–gel synthesis for solid phase spectrophotometric and visual test determination of propyl gallate in food samples

“…The solid phase spectrophotometric procedure described in the present work is characterized by a LOD as low as 7.1 Â 10 À8 mol L À1 , which is 10-500 times lower than LODs described in the literature. 4,6,[8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16] Several other approaches 5,7,17,18 allow the determination with the LOD values of the same order of magnitude. Additionally, molecularly imprinted sensors 5,7 and nanoparticles 18 are only stable during 2 weeks, biosensors 8,9 are stable for less than 2 months and all of them require storing at 4 C, whereas silica-titania xerogels are stable for months at room temperature.…”

“…4,6,[8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16] Several other approaches 5,7,17,18 allow the determination with the LOD values of the same order of magnitude. Additionally, molecularly imprinted sensors 5,7 and nanoparticles 18 are only stable during 2 weeks, biosensors 8,9 are stable for less than 2 months and all of them require storing at 4 C, whereas silica-titania xerogels are stable for months at room temperature.…”

“…The reducing ability of PG is widely used in voltammetric and amperometric determination. [5][6][7][8][9][10] To increase the selectivity, the electrodes are modied with carbon nanotubes [5][6][7] or tyrosinase. 8,9 These methods are characterized by high sensitivity and allow very fast determination, but the proposed electrodes are oen stable for only several weeks and may require special storage conditions.…”

Organic phase enzyme electrodes

“…The performance of the composite biosensor for the analysis of propyl gallate in foodstuffs was proved in lard samples. Aliquots of the analyte extracted in ethyl acetate were directly transferred to the electrochemical cell containing the reversed micellar medium for their measurement, with satisfactory results (Morales et al, 2005b). Zhang et al developed an all-in-one dual-phase amperometric phenol biosensor, which can detect phenols in both aqueous and organic phases.…”

Electrochemical sensor for dodecyl gallate determination based on electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer

“…Although these techniques have the advantages of high sensitivity, they may present some drawbacks, such as complex pretreatment steps, long assay time, expensive experimental equipment, and large amounts of reagents consumption. Therefore, alternative methods for simple, rapid and cost-effective detection of the synthetic phenolic antioxidants (propyl gallate and dodecyl gallate, for example) are still being researched [15,16].…”