Complete Sequence Analysis and Antiviral Screening of Medicinal Plants for Human Coxsackievirus A16 Isolated in Korea

Abstract

ObjectivesCoxsackievirus A group 16 strain (CVA16) is one of the predominant causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).MethodsUsing a specimen from a male patient with HFMD, we isolated and performed sequencing of the Korean CVA16 strain and compared it with a G10 reference strain. Also, we were investigated the effects of medicinal plant extract on the cytopathic effects (CPE) by CPE reduction assay against Korean CVA16.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean CVA16 isolate belonged to cluster B-1 and was closely related to the strain PM-15765-00 isolated in Malaysia in 2000. The Korean CVA16 isolate showed 73.2% nucleotide identity to the G10 prototype strain and 98.7% nucleotide identity to PM-15765-00. Next, we assessed whether the Korean CVA16 isolate could be used for in vitro screening of antiviral agents to treat HFMD infection. Vero cells infected with the Korean CVA16 isolate showed a cytopathic effect 2 days after the infection, and the treatment of cells with Cornus officinalis, Acer triflorum, Pulsatilla koreana, and Clematis heracleifolia var. davidiana Hemsl extracts exhibited strong antiviral activity against CVA16.ConclusionCollectively, our work provides potential candidates for the development of vaccine and novel drugs to treat the CVA16 strain isolated from a Korean patient.

Corni Fructus: a review of chemical constituents and pharmacological activities

“…Reduce intragraft IL-12 mRNA level [ 59 ] Lung-protective activity Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid Epidermal growth factor—and phorbol ester‐induced NCI‐H292 cell lines as in vitro airway diseases model Decrease protein and mRNA levels of MUC5AC mucin [ 60 ] Aqueous extract Ovalbumin-induced BALB/c mice as allergic asthma model Inhibit eosinophil infiltration and ameliorate allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Decrease the production of IL-5&13 and OVA-specific IgE [ 61 ] Vasorelaxation activity Cornuside Phenylephrine-contracted rat aorta and HUVEC Dilate vascular smooth muscle in the rat and increase cGMP production in vitro [ 62 ] Antiviral activity Aqueous extract CVA16 infected Vero cells as in vitro HFMD model Inhibit CVA16 replication [ 63 ] …”

“…Fifthly, cornuside significantly dilated vascular smooth muscle in phenylephrine-contracted rat aorta via the up-regulation of cGMP level to show its vasorelaxation activity [ 62 ]. Finally, among in vitro screening of antiviral drugs for treating hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) infection, CF aqueous extract (at 0.4 µg mL −1 ) for 2 days significantly inhibited CVA16 replication in cellular level [ 63 ].…”

Epidemiological Research on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Mainland China

“…Moreover, about half of the cases were co-infected with two or three pathogens [ 8 ]. In 2009, an outbreak of HFMD first occurred in the Republic of Korea [ 9 ], since then, outbreaks have been continually reported in Korea. In 2010, a large outbreak of HFMD occurred in Hong Kong, leading to more than triple of the annual average cases reported during the year 2006 to 2009 [ 10 ].…”

The effect of temperature on childhood hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangdong Province, China, 2010-2013: A multicity study

“…Singapore (1970), the Republic of Korea (2009) and Vietnam (2011) also witnessed outbreaks [4,[8][9][10]. Epidemic of HFMD in China is serious and brings a heavy burden.…”