Comparison of the serum fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products with cytokeratin 19 fragment as biomarkers in patients with lung cancer

Abstract

Abstract. Lung cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality. The identification of early diagnostic biomarkers improved outcomes for lung cancer patients. Serum fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) levels are elevated in numerous malignancies due to hemostatic alterations. The serum FDP levels were compared to the levels of cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen (CYFRA 21-1), another well-established biomarker. The serum samples from 193 lung cancer patients, 84 healthy controls and 106 patients with benign respiratory diseases were obtained. The serum FDP level was measured using the DR-70 immunoassay and the CYFRA 21-1 level was measured by electrochemiluminescence using the Roche Analytics E170. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to assess the predictive sensitivity and specificity. The mean serum FDP level in lung cancer patients (35.01±229.02 µg/ml) was significantly higher compared to the 190 non-cancerous subjects (0.60±0.75 µg/ml; P=0.039). The mean serum CYFRA 21-1 level in lung cancer patients (4.50±6.67 ng/ml) was also significantly higher compared to the non-cancerous subjects (1.40±0.83 ng/ml; P<0.05). FDP exhibited clinical sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 75%, respectively, at an optimal cut-off at 0.67 µg/ml. CYFRA 21-1 exhibited clinical sensitivity and specificity of 77 and 74%, respectively, at a cut-off of 1.65 ng/ml. The serum FDP area under the curve (0.87) was slightly higher compared to CYFRA 21-1 (0.83). Therefore, it is apparent that serum FDP is comparable to CYFRA 21-1 as a lung cancer biomarker and can be used for clinical practice.

Screening and Biosensor-Based Approaches for Lung Cancer Detection

“…Genetic and proteomics-based biomarkers are two major types of biomarkers, which can be identified through tumor cells, urine, sputum, blood, or other body fluids [ 3 ]. Table 3 demonstrates numerous lung cancer markers [ 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 ].…”

“…Many types of proteomic biomarkers have been investigated for lung cancer detection, including Annexin II [ 122 ], APOA1 [ 123 ], carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) [ 124 ], carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) [ 125 ], carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) [ 126 ], cytokeratin fragment 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) [ 127 ], CD59 glycoprotein [ 128 ], transthyretin (TTR) [ 129 ], GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) [ 130 ], haptoglobin-R2 [ 131 ], Ig-free light chain [ 132 ], neuron-specific enolase (NSE) [ 133 ], nitrated ceruloplasmin [ 134 ], plasma kallikrein B1 [ 135 ], ProGRP [ 136 ], retinol binding protein (RBP) [ 137 ], squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) [ 138 ], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [ 139 ], TPA [ 140 ], and tumor M2-pyruvate kinase [ 141 ].…”

Plasma Metabolomics Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Workers Identifies Altered Processes and Candidate Biomarkers for Hepatic Hemangiosarcoma and Its Development

“…Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) have been described as angiogenic [ 37 ]. Previous studies have shown fibrin degradation products are elevated in lung, ovarian and a variety of gastrointestinal cancers and have shown potential to be used as biomarkers [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. VC has been shown to activate the coagulation system and to increase fibrin deposition in hepatic tissue [ 42 ].…”

New Immunosensing-Fluorescence Detection of Tumor Marker Cytokeratin-19 Fragment (CYFRA 21-1) Via Carbon Quantum Dots/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite

“…The early studies clarified that in malignant stages of lung cancer, CYFRA 21-1 is released into the blood circulation of patients and elevated in their serum [3]. Therefore, it is possible to improve the survival of lung cancer patients by early detection and consequently fast surgical reaction [4].…”