New Immunosensing-Fluorescence Detection of Tumor Marker Cytokeratin-19 Fragment (CYFRA 21-1) Via Carbon Quantum Dots/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite

Abstract

The rapid detection of lung cancer in early stages using the antigen cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) as a tumor marker in human serum plays an important role in the survival of patients and taking a fast surgical reaction. This study aimed to employ the green synthesized carbon quantum dots conjugated zinc oxide nanocomposite as a highly sensitive fluorescence immunosensing solution for fast determination of CYFRA 21-1 antigen in human serum. The suggested method was conducted by applying a hydrothermal method to prepare carbon quantum dots using Citrus lemon pericarp. The formed carbon quantum dots were used in the reduction and stabilization of zinc acetate to synthesize carbon quantum dots-zinc oxide nanocomposite. To form a sandwich capping antibodyantigen-antibody immunosensing system, a CYFRA 21-1 antigen was trapped by immobilizing a non-conjugated monoclonal antibody BM 19.21 on the surface of carbon quantum dots-zinc oxide nanocomposite and another monoclonal antibody KS 19.1, which was coated on the microtiter well surface. This system has a tunable fluorescence feature recorded at excitation and emission of λ ex = 470 and λ em = 520 nm, respectively. The suggested nanocomposite fluorescence immunosensing system displayed a linear relationship of 0.01-100 ng mL −1 with a limit of detection of 0.008 ng mL −1. The suggested immunosensing system based on carbon quantum dots-zinc oxide nanocomposite provides a promising approach for rapid diagnoses of lung cancer by detecting CYFRA 21-1 in human serum.

Applications and Immunological Effects of Quantum Dots on Respiratory System

“…Additionally, Liu et al, presented a method by combining the suspension and planar microarray formats in a single polydimethylsiloxane layer. On the basis of the target proteins, they formed a sandwich structure between the QD probes and the magnetic beads by specific antigen–antibody interactions, which could be used for simultaneous detecting pulmonary tumor biomarkers (CEA, CYFRA21-1 and neuron-specific enolase) with a broad linear dynamic scope and a low detection limit ( 33 ).…”

A Perspective on Application of Carbon Quantum Dots in Luminescence Immunoassays

“…In this section, we focus on recent developments on using CQDs for immunoassays. In fact, CQDs have been mainly utilized in detection platforms owing to their stable luminescence emission (Xiao et al, 2018 ; Dong et al, 2019a ; Yao et al, 2019 ; Alarfaj et al, 2020 ; Liu G. et al, 2020 ). In the past decade, luminescence-based immunoassays have become powerful tools in the field of biological and clinical diagnoses, and microbial investigations.…”

“…= 224 nm, and 280 nm, λ em = 452 nm) decorated with zinc oxide (i.e., CQD/ZnO, λ abs. = 370 nm, λ em = 520 nm) (Alarfaj et al, 2020 ) ( Schemes 2A,B ). The resulting highly stable CQD/ZnO composite ( Scheme 2 ) was further decorated with a non-conjugated monoclonal BM 19.21 antibody via the reaction of the surface carboxylic groups with amine sites of the peptide amide of the antibody backbone in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) ( Scheme 2D ).…”

“…(A,B) CDQD synthesis, (C) ZnO coated CDQD, (D) decorated CDQD/ZnO with 8M 19.21 antibody, (E) fabricated CDQD/ZnO/antibody with CYFRA 21.1 antigen, (F) final assembly of CDQD/ZnO/antibody/antigen/antibody assay. Panel reproduced from Alarfaj et al ( 2020 ). Copyright 2020, Springer.…”

New Functionalized Polymeric Sensor Based NiO/MgO Nanocomposite for Potentiometric Determination of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Commercial Injections and Human Plasma

“…Furthermore, Polymers 2020, 12, 3066 2 of 18 they are considered to be the materials of the future, possessing unique design and advanced optical properties that are not found in conventional composites [8]. Additionally, the synthesis of nanocomposites is considered to be the vital key in bio and immunosensing detection, fabrication of electronics devices, medicine, drug delivery systems, and chemotherapy for cancer [9][10][11][12][13]. Recently, more studies are focused on the metal oxides such as zinc oxide, nickel oxide, magnesium oxide, etc.…”