Comparison of the Effects of Two Weeks&amp;rsquo; Intervention with Different Meal Frequencies on Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Levels in Non-lnsulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients

Thomsen, Carsten; Christiansen, Christian; Rasmussen, Ole; Hermansen, Kjeld

doi:10.1159/000177993

Cited by 15 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Spreading the nutrient load on many small meals may reduce insulin and glucose response and improve blood lipid profile (Fábry et al, 1964;Jenkins et al, 1989Jenkins et al, , 1992 although findings are inconsistent (Beebe et al, 1990;Arnold et al, 1994Arnold et al, , 1997Thomsen et al, 1997). In this study metabolic variables were improved in both groups after 1 year but did not differ except for HDL cholesterol that increased in the 3M group.…”

Section: Snacks In Obesity Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…The literature on eating frequency and HDL cholesterol is inconsistent. In short experimental studies HDL cholesterol has been positively (McGrath and Gibney, 1994), negatively (Murphy et al, 1996;Thomsen et al, 1997) or unrelated (Arnold et al, 1993(Arnold et al, , 1994 to eating frequency. Therefore, we cannot role out that the difference in HDL cholesterol is a chance finding.…”

Section: Snacks In Obesity Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? a 1-year randomized clinical trial

et al. 2007

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Objective: To study the effect to recommend no snacks vs three snacks per day on 1-year weight loss. The hypothesis was that it is easier to control energy intake and lose weight if snacks in between meals are omitted. Subjects/Method: In total 140 patients (36 men, 104 women), aged 18-60 years and body mass index430 kg/m 2 were randomized and 93 patients (27 men, 66 women) completed the study. A 1-year randomized intervention trial was conducted with two treatment arms with different eating frequencies; 3 meals/day (3M) or 3 meals and 3 snacks/day (3 þ 3M). The patients received regular and individualized counseling by dieticians. Information on eating patterns, dietary intake, weight and metabolic variables was collected at baseline and after 1 year. Results: Over 1 year the 3M group reported a decrease in the number of snacks whereas the 3 þ 3M group reported an increase (À1.1 vs þ 0.4 snacks/day, respectively, Po0.0001). Both groups decreased energy intake and E% (energy percent) fat and increased E% protein and fiber intake but there was no differences between the groups. Both groups lost weight, but there was no significant difference in weight loss after 1 year of treatment (3M vs 3 þ 3M ¼ À4.176.1 vs À5.979.4 kg; P ¼ 0.31). Changes in metabolic variables did not differ between the groups, except for high-density lipoprotein that increased in the 3M group but not in 3 þ 3M group (Po0.033 for group difference). Conclusion: Recommending snacks or not between meals does not influence 1-year weight loss.

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Section: Snacks In Obesity Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Snacks In Obesity Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? a 1-year randomized clinical trial

et al. 2007

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“…The reduced diet-induced thermogenesis with the irregular meal frequency may lead to weight gain in the long term (102) . With a regular meal frequency glucose excursions are blunted, net insulin production is reduced, and LDLcholesterol concentrations tend to be lowered, mainly due to gastric emptying slowing down, and insulin production being reduced (103)(104)(105)(106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111) . The net result is that lipid oxidation is favoured at the expense of glucose oxidation and lipid storage, and cholesterol synthesis is reduced.…”

Section: Circadian Misalignment and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may reduce adiposity and the level of circulating fatty acids, thereby leading to systematic, adaptive changes in both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Also examples of long-term responses to a sustained regular meal frequency such as improved glucose tolerance, and moderately reduced fasting plasma total and LDL-cholesterol, and a higher HDL:LDL cholesterol ratio are observed in normolipidaemic free-living subjects, as well as in type-II diabetes patients (103)(104)(105)(106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111) . Also for cholesterol synthesis, meal frequency-dependent control of cholesterogenesis appeared to be mediated via hormonal mechanisms (97) .…”

Section: Circadian Misalignment and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments

Westerterp-Plantenga

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Circadian alignment is crucial for body-weight management, and for metabolic health. In this context, circadian alignment consists of alignment of sleep, meal patterns and physical activity. During puberty a significant reduction in sleep duration occurs, and pubertal status is inversely associated with sleep duration. A consistent inverse association between habitual sleep duration and body-weight development occurs, independent of possible confounders. Research on misalignment reveals that circadian misalignment affects sleep-architecture and subsequently disturbs glucose–insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal-axis activity and gut-peptide concentrations enhancing positive energy balance and metabolic disturbance. Not only aligning meals and sleep in a circadian way is crucial, also regular physical activity during the day strongly promotes the stability and amplitude of circadian rhythm, and thus may serve as an instrument to restore poor circadian rhythms. Endogenicity may play a role in interaction of these environmental variables with a genetic predisposition. In conclusion, notwithstanding the separate favourable effects of sufficient daily physical activity, regular meal patterns, sufficient sleep duration and quality sleep on energy balance, the overall effect of the amplitude and stability of the circadian rhythm, perhaps including genetic predisposition, may integrate the separate effects in an additive way.

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“…This may reduce adiposity and the level of circulating fatty acids, thereby leading to systematic, adaptive changes in both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, examples of long‐term responses to a sustained regular meal frequency such as improved glucose tolerance, and moderately reduced fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol, are observed in normolipidemic free‐living subjects as well as in type‐II diabetes patients . The physiological effects suggest that slowing carbohydrate absorption, thus avoiding peaks in blood glucose concentrations, potentially is a useful therapeutic modality .…”

Section: Relationship Between Circadian Patterns and Meal Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronobiology, endocrinology, and energy‐ and food‐reward homeostasis

2013

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Energy- and food-reward homeostasis is the essential component for maintaining energy balance and its disruption may lead to metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Circadian alignment, quality sleep and sleep architecture in relation to energy- and food-reward homeostasis are crucial. A reduced sleep duration, quality sleep and rapid-eye movement sleep affect substrate oxidation, leptin and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity, and gut-peptide concentrations, enhancing a positive energy balance. Circadian misalignment affects sleep architecture and the glucose-insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, leptin concentrations and HPA-axis activity. Mood disorders such as depression occur; reduced dopaminergic neuronal signaling shows decreased food reward. A good sleep hygiene, together with circadian alignment of food intake, a regular meal frequency, and attention for protein intake or diets, contributes in curing sleep abnormalities and overweight/obesity features by preventing overeating; normalizing substrate oxidation, stress, insulin and glucose metabolism including HOMA-IR index, and leptin, GLP-1 concentrations, lipid metabolism, appetite, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation; and normalizing food reward. Synchrony between circadian and metabolic processes including meal patterns plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance and body-weight control. Additive effects of circadian alignment including meal patterns, sleep restoration, and protein diets in the treatment of overweight and obesity are suggested.

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Comparison of the Effects of Two Weeks’ Intervention with Different Meal Frequencies on Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Levels in Non-lnsulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? a 1-year randomized clinical trial

Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? a 1-year randomized clinical trial

Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments

Chronobiology, endocrinology, and energy‐ and food‐reward homeostasis

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