Comparison of naturally aging and D‑galactose induced aging model in beagle dogs

Abstract

Animal models have been used to study aging for decades. In numerous aging studies, beagles are the most commonly used breed of dog. However, few studies have compared between naturally aging models and experimentally induced aging models in beagle dogs. In the present study, a D-galactose induced aging model was compared with a naturally aging model, and young adult dogs were considered as the young control group. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum, and brain tissue were measured. Histopathological comparisons of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and spleen were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, in addition, the brain was evaluated by H&E staining, and Nissl staining. The expression levels of aging-associated factors in the hippocampus, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), P16 and P21 were also determined through reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis. The results indicated that D-galactose induced aging significantly increased the MDA level, while the levels of SOD and GSH-Px were diminished when compared with the young control group, which was similar to the naturally aging group. Parallel histopathological features were observed in the D-galactose induced aging and naturally aging groups compared with the young control group. However, a reduced expression level of PCNA, and increased expression levels of P16 and P21 were observed in the naturally ageing and induced aging groups compared with the young control group. The results of the current study demonstrated that the beagle dogs in D-galactose induced aging model exhibited significant similarities with the naturally aging model, providing evidence to support that the D-galactose induced aging model may be applied to aging studies.

Effects of low and moderate treadmill exercise on liver ofd‐galactose‐exposed aging rat model

“…This showed that intraperitoneal administration of d ‐Galactose causes fibrosis in liver tissue. This result is in accordance with the study conducted by Ji et al () that d ‐Galactose causes oxidative stress in liver tissue by generating ROS. ROS stimulates the activation and proliferation of myofibroblasts which then produce collagen fiber excess in the tissue (Morry et al ).…”

“…d ‐galactose exposure can lead to an increase in MDA causing oxidative stress in various tissues (Ho et al ; Huang et al ). d ‐Galactose also contributes to the production of ROS and reacts with amino acids to form advanced glycation en d ‐products (AGE) which also occur in normal aging, particularly in the liver and brain (Parameshwaran et al ; Ji et al ). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of low and moderate treadmill exercise on liver of d ‐Galactose‐exposed aging rat model.…”

Anti-Ageing Effect of Physalis alkekengi Ethyl Acetate Layer on a d-galactose-Induced Mouse Model through the Reduction of Cellular Senescence and Oxidative Stress

“…d-Gal can cause systematic ageing-related changes, such as hepatic and brain injury, a decline in immune function [26][27][28][29], learning and memory impairment, and fatigue in behavior studies [26,27]. Parallel histopathological features of the liver, spleen, and hippocampus were observed similarly in the d-gal-induced ageing and naturally aging groups [30]. The rate of binucleated hepatocytes increased with ageing [31].…”

Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK

“…While past studies have used a high-fat diet to induce aging, recent studies have shown that aging can also be accelerated via chronic administration of D-galactose, primarily via accumulation of reactive oxygen species, as well as through glycation of end products [17]. The D-galactose-induced model has also been reported to exhibit conditions similar to naturally aged animals [18]. Considering that we have found AMPK activation potentials of certain Lactobacillus strains, we hypothesized that some of these strains can also regulate lipid metabolism, alleviate hyperlipidemia, and restore liver conditions, such as that of steatosis.…”