Comparison of different reactive organophosphorus flame retardant agents for cotton: Part I. The bonding of the flame retardant agents to cotton

Applications of micro-scale combustion calorimetry to the studies of cotton and nylon fabrics treated with organophosphorus flame retardants

“…It was suggested that TMM functioned as a bonding agent by forming a covalent bridge between MDPA and cellulose [25]. In our previous research, however, we found that approximately 50% of MDPA can be bound to cotton directly without a bonding agent and that TMM improve the flame retardancy of MDPA primary by providing synergistic nitrogen and also by modestly increase the bonding of MDPA on cotton at higher MDPA concentrations [24].…”

“…The structure of MDPA is shown in Scheme 1(A). The commercial MDPA product contained ∼15% phosphorus by weight and each MDPA molecule contains a synergistic nitrogen atom, and both the phosphorus and the synergistic nitrogen contributed to the flame retardancy of MDPA [24].…”

Effect of zinc oxide on flame retardant finishing of plasma pre-treated cotton fabric

“…The results proved that the FR coating is able to react directly with cellulose through its N-methylol group to form a crosslinked polymeric network and the bonding is highly resistant to hydrolysis during multiple home launderings. Consequently, more FR molecules are able to bind to cotton through the CL crosslinking bridges (Wu and Yang 2006;Yang and Yang 2005). Furthermore, the superior performance of PA as catalyst in forming stable crosslinked polymeric networks helps maintain the durability of flame-retardant properties of the treated fabric, i.e.…”

Novel flame retardant finishing systems for cotton fabrics based on phosphorus-containing compounds and silica derived from sol–gel processes

“…Flame retardancy properties are evaluated through flammability tests, such as Limiting Oxygen Index (Beninate, Trask, & Drake, 1981;Cheng & Yang, 2009;Cullis, Hirschler, & Madden, 1992;Tian et al, 1999;Wu & Yang, 2006Yang & Wu, 2003a, 2003b, vertical flame tests (based on ASTM D1230) (Liodakis, Fetsis, & Agioviasitis, 2009;Mostashari & Baie, 2008;Mostashari & Baie, 2009;Mostashari & Fayyaz, 2008) or others standards (Wu & Yang, 2008). Such tests have also been performed on cotton blends (Li et al, 2010;; in any case, they can provide only partial information concerning the burning behaviour of a polymeric material.…”