Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers

Abstract

Background: Assessment of cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) may serve as a valuable biomarker of peri-implant diseases in nicotine-product users.Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare cotinine levels in the PISF among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers.Materials and Methods: Cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, electronic-cigarette users, and nonsmokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, duration of smoking and vaping, family history of smoking, duration of smoking/vaping, and daily frequency of smoking/vaping. Implant-related data including implant dimensions and duration of implants in function were also recorded. In all groups, peri-implant probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index (PI) were assessed. Using standard techniques, PISF was collected and levels of cotinine in the PISF were measured. Sample-size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc adjustment tests. P values below .05 were categorized as statistically significant.Results: One hundred two male individuals (35 cigarette smokers, 33 waterpipe smokers, 34 electronic-cigarette users, and 35 nonsmokers) were included. Scores of peri-implant PI (P < .05) and PD (P < .05) were significantly higher among cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, and electronic-cigarette users compared with nonsmokers.Peri-implant BoP was more often manifested in nonsmokers compared with cigarette smokers (P < .05), waterpipe smokers (P < .05), and electronic-cigarette users (P < .05).The volume of collected PISF was significantly higher among cigarette (P < .05) and

Peri‐implant soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around immediately‐loaded narrow‐diameter implants placed in cigarette‐smokers: 6‐year follow‐up results

“…The present results are in accordance with the proposed hypothesis as well as previous studies 18,[26][27][28][29][30] which have shown that tobacco-smoking is a risk factor of peri-implant diseases (peri-implant mucositis and periimplantitis). However, the unique finding in this observational study was that the present study is the first one in indexed literature to assess periimplant diseases in immediately-loaded dental implants with narrow diameters.…”

“…Cigarette-smoking increases the risk of periodontal and periimplant diseases. [16][17][18][19][20] Occurrence of mucositis in the soft tissues surrounding dental implants (peri-implant mucositis) and CBL (periimplantitis) is more often manifested in cigarette-smokers than nonsmokers. [19][20][21] However, there are no long-term studies that have…”

Clinicoradiographic markers of peri‐implantitis in cigarette‐smokers and never‐smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus at 7‐years follow‐up

“…Cigarette-smoking is a classical hazardous factor of periimplant soft tissue inflammation (peri-implant mucositis) and crestal bone loss (CBL) (peri-implantitis). 1,2 In a recent clinical retrospective study, Alqahtani et al 3 assessed the clinical peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory variables (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], and probing depth [PD]) and cotinine levels in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of 35 cigarette smokers (CS), and 35 never-smokers (NS) (patients that answered to have never used tobacco in any method). The results showed that peri-implantitis (manifested as increased PI and PD) and cotinine levels in the PISF are significantly high in CS compared with NS.…”

“…The results showed that peri-implantitis (manifested as increased PI and PD) and cotinine levels in the PISF are significantly high in CS compared with NS. 3 Moreover, it has been reported that nicotine damages human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells by compromising cellular proliferation and increased production of inflammatory mediators. 4,5 Irrespective of the detrimental effects of tobacco-smoking on periodontal and peri-implant health; 6,7 tobacco-smoking is not an utter contraindication to dental implant therapy.…”

“…In another observational study, Peri-implant mucositis and CBL variables were comparable among waterpipe-smokers and NS with T2DM. 3 However, the duration of implants in function in the study groups remained unclear. Since cigarette-smoking and T2DM are independent risk-factors of peri-implant diseases and are associated with the induction of OS in tissues; 10,14 its, therefore, hypothesized that in the long-term, (a) peri-implantitis and CBL are worse in CS and patients with T2DM compared with NS without T2DM.…”