Comparison of antiaging, anti‐melanogenesis effects, and active components of Raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis L.) extracts according to maturity

Abstract

Aging can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic aging; the latter is also called photoaging. The main cause of intrinsic aging is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species with age that flattens the dermal-epidermal junctions, and inhibits the division of keratinocytes, thereby compromising the extrusion of intercellular lipids (Fisher, Talwar, Lin, & Voorhees, 1999). Extrinsic aging caused by UV radiation results in thinning of the skin, leading to an increase in skin problems such as wrinkles, blotches, blemishes, and freckles.

An update on the pharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. as a source of treatment: A scoping review

“…Aging can be caused by an increase in the production of melanin pigmentation in response to damage caused by UV radiation (Oh et al, 2020). One of the studies concluded that nutmeg hexane extract has antimelanogenic potential, as evidenced by inhibition of melanin synthesis, loss of cell surface protrusion, formation of fine cell walls, and decreased ergosterol concentration and hydrophobicity of cell surfaces (Hoda et al, 2020).…”

Characterization and anti-aging effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller extracts in a d-galactose-induced skin aging model

“…17 Elastase and collagenase inhibition effects were reported for unripe raspberry extract in addition to the significant inhibition of MMP-1, tyrosinase and the elevation of type 1 pro-collagen synthesis, which could all be attributed to the high ellagic acid content. 18 It was also reported that compounds such as hydroxy acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, retinoids, ferulic acid, and vitamins C and E exhibited anti-skin-aging effects. [19][20][21] Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (OFI), commonly known as prickly pear, belongs to the Cactaceae family and is native to Mexico.…”

Unripe Rubus occidentalis, Ellagic Acid, and Urolithin A Attenuate Inflammatory Responses in IL-1β-Stimulated A549 Cells and PMA-Stimulated Differentiated HL-60 Cells

“…Berries are rich in polyphenols such as ellagic acid (EA) [15]. It has been reported that Rubus occidentalis, belonging to the Rosaceae family, has a higher content of EA than other berries, with ripe and unripe berries having compositional differences [15,16]. In particular, the EA content is higher in unripe fruits than in ripe fruits, and it has been reported that the content is higher in water extracts than in ethanol extracts [16,17].…”

“…It has been reported that Rubus occidentalis, belonging to the Rosaceae family, has a higher content of EA than other berries, with ripe and unripe berries having compositional differences [15,16]. In particular, the EA content is higher in unripe fruits than in ripe fruits, and it has been reported that the content is higher in water extracts than in ethanol extracts [16,17]. The water extract of unripe Rubus occidentalis (uRO-w) used in our study also showed a higher content of EA than the ethanol extracts [17,18] (Table S1).…”