Comparative Transcriptome Analyses of Deltamethrin-Resistant and -Susceptible Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes from Kenya by RNA-Seq

Abstract

Malaria causes more than 300 million clinical cases and 665,000 deaths each year, and the majority of the mortality and morbidity occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to the lack of effective vaccines and wide-spread resistance to antimalarial drugs, mosquito control is the primary method of malaria prevention and control. Currently, malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticides, primarily pyrethroids. The extensive use of insecticides has imposed strong selection pressures for resistance in the mosquito populations. Consequently, resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae, the main malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, has become a major obstacle for malaria control. A key element of resistance management is the identification of resistance mechanisms and subsequent development of reliable resistance monitoring tools. Field-derived An. gambiae from Western Kenya were phenotyped as deltamethrin-resistant or -susceptible by the standard WHO tube test, and their expression profile compared by RNA-seq. Based on the current annotation of the An. gambiae genome, a total of 1,093 transcripts were detected as significantly differentially accumulated between deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes. These transcripts are distributed over the entire genome, with a large number mapping in QTLs previously linked to pyrethorid resistance, and correspond to heat-shock proteins, metabolic and transport functions, signal transduction activities, cytoskeleton and others. The detected differences in transcript accumulation levels between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes reflect transcripts directly or indirectly correlated with pyrethroid resistance. RNA-seq data also were used to perform a de-novo Cufflinks assembly of the An. gambiae genome.

Proteomic analysis of Bayvarol® resistance mechanisms in the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor

“…Some of these were also present exclusively, indicating presence and absence in all three replicates of the resistant and sensitive mites, respectively (e.g., coronin, alpha tubulin) ( Table 4). Proteins involved in cytoskeleton structure have previously been shown to be changed in abundance in deltamethrin resistant mosquitoes (Bonizzoni et al, 2012). A large group of myosins were also found at much higher levels in resistant mites and some were exclusively present in the resistant mite population.…”

Venom allergen 5is Associated With Deltamethrin Resistance inCulex pipiens pallens(Diptera: Culicidae)

“…The mosquitoes that survived the 24-h recovery period were classified as deltamethrin resistant, while those knocked down early during the bioassay were classified as deltamethrin susceptible. The knocked-down mosquitoes were immediately preserved in Eppendorf tubes without allowing a 24-h recovery period to prevent postmortem RNA degradation (Bonizzoni et al 2012, Zhu et al 2014.…”

MiR-278-3p regulates pyrethroid resistance in Culex pipiens pallens

“…In our study, we also detected the expression level of miR-278-3p in the field mosquito populations, which were obtained in public area of Pinyin (36°17′48.062″N ; 116°25′21.298″E) and Shanghe (37° 18′52.124″N ; 117°09′25.955″E), and were described according to the standard WHO testing protocol (WHO 2013) and previous studies (Bonizzoni et al 2012). QRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression level of miR-278-3p was respectively 2.1-fold and 1.7-fold higher in the DS-strain in SH and PY population (Fig.…”