Comparative Study on Inhibition of Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Resveratrol Gold Nanoparticles and a Resveratrol Nanoemulsion Prepared from Grape Skin

Abstract

Resveratrol, a phenolic compound possessing vital biological activities such as anti-cancer, is present abundantly in grape skin, a waste produced during the processing of grape juice. The objectives of this study were to prepare resveratrol-gold nanoparticles and a resveratrol nanoemulsion from grape skin and study their inhibition effects on pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3. The spherical-shaped citrate gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and resveratrol-gold nanoparticles (R-GNPs) were, respectively, prepared with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 528 and 538 nm, mean particle size of 20.8 and 11.9 nm, and zeta-potential at −32.7 and −66.7 mV, by controlling an appropriate concentration of citrate/resveratrol and gold chloride as well as stirring time and temperature. The resveratrol nanoemulsion, composed of soybean oil, Tween 80, and sucrose fatty acid ester in glycerol and water, possessed a high storage stability with a mean particle size of 14.1 nm, zeta-potential of −49.7 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 95.5%. An antiproliferation study revealed that both R-GNPs and resveratrol nanoemulsion could effectively inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3, with the latter showing a higher inhibition effect. Western blot analysis implied that both can down-regulate expressions of cyclin A, cyclin B, CDK1, and CDK2 and up-regulate expressions of p53 and p21, accompanied by enhancing cytochrome C expression, decreasing BcL-2 expression, increasing Bax expression, and leading to the elevation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activities for cell apoptosis execution. Future research is needed to study the inhibition of pancreatic tumors in vivo by R-GNPs and resveratrol nanoemulsions.

Delivery of siRNA using hyaluronic acid‐guided nanoparticles for downregulation of CXCR4

“…The synthesized AuNPs have absorption peaks at a wavelength of 520 nm, while the spectral trace of DOX alone shows a typical absorption peak at 490 nm. Similar findings were reported for AuNPs (20.8 nm) by Inbaraj et al [ 57 ] showing the maximum absorbance of the SPR peak to be 538 nm, and for DOX by Li et al [ 58 ] indicated the ultraviolet absorption peak to be 480 nm. The absorption spectrum of free DOX does not interfere with AuNPs, and the characteristic peak of AuNP at 520 nm has shifted to 490 nm, due to doxorubicin in synthesized Au‐PEI‐HA‐DOX particles.…”

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Propolis and Its Polyphenolic Compounds against Cancer

“…Nanotechnology approaches have been broadly utilized to obtain better solubility, enhance oral bioavailability, increase stability, and regulate the release of resveratrol. The resveratrol nanoparticles have markedly improved anticancer properties of resveratrol both in vitro and in vivo, indicating this approach as a potential strategy against various cancers [ 98 , 215 , 216 , 217 ]. González-Sarrías et al [ 217 ] showed that milk-derived exosomes (EXO) as nanocarriers can increase the bioavailability and anticancer activity of curcumin and resveratrol in breast tissue by increasing their antiproliferative activity, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle alteration, and caspase activation, even at nanomolar concentrations.…”

“…Many lines of evidence suggest that immunomodulation by propolis and its polyphenolic/flavonoid components is an important contributing factor to the antitumor and antimetastatic activities of these compounds. Flavonoids may induce the immune system [ 3 , 16 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 92 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 ], and act as powerful free radical scavengers [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 58 , 63 ]. Accordingly, a high dietary intake of flavonoids from propolis is associated with a reduced risk of cancer at different anatomical sites [ 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

“…Resveratrol remarkably inhibited the activity and expression of MMP-9, and attenuated PI3K activity and phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in breast cancer cells [ 54 , 355 ]. It also inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity and DNA binding of NF-κB on the MMP-9 promoter, thus suggesting that resveratrol suppresses the invasion of breast cancer cells by attenuating MMP-9 and downstream PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways [ 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 ]. In addition, Uvez et al [ 358 ] showed the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on bFGF-induced angiogenesis in the chick CAM model.…”

Phytochemical-based nanodrugs going beyond the state-of-the-art in cancer management—Targeting cancer stem cells in the framework of predictive, preventive, personalized medicine

“…In conclusion, Res-AuNPs enhanced phytochemical drug carrier capabilities as a potential application for cancer therapy ( Thipe et al, 2019 ). Furthermore, Res-AuNPs and Resveratrol-nanoemulsion inhibited the growth of BxPC-3pancreatic cancer cells and altered cell cycle regulation and apoptotic events ( Inbaraj et al, 2021 ).…”