Comparative study of carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheric effects on the chemical structure changes during pyrolysis of phenol–formaldehyde spheres

Kim, Young Jeon; Kim, Myungil; Yun, Changsang; Chang, Ji Young; Park, Chong Rae; Inagaki, Michio

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12.029

Cited by 59 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…2 indicate that there are no significant variations between the RG samples prepared using different vacuum time. For all the resin gel samples, it is observed that there are four decomposition steps of the gels, which is in line with reports elsewhere [38,39]. The first step occurs at temperatures up to 200 °C, and the second step between 250 and 330 °C with mass losses of ~8 and ~13 wt% for each step, respectively.…”

Section: Materials Characterisationsupporting

confidence: 90%

Vacuum-assisted tailoring of pore structures of phenolic resin derived carbon membranes

Jalil

Wang²,

Yacou

et al. 2017

Journal of Membrane Science

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This work shows the preparation and separation performance assessment of carbon membranes derived from phenolic resin by a vacuum-assisted method and carbonisation in an inert atmosphere.The vacuum time played an important role in tailoring the structure of the membranes. For instance, pore volumes and surface areas increased from 0.81 and 834 to 2.2 cm 3 g -1 and 1910 m 2 g -1 , respectively, as the vacuum time exposure increased from 0 to 1200 s. The significant structural changes correlated very well with water permeation, as fluxes increased by 91% as the vacuum time increased from 0 to 1200s, reaching up to 169 kg m -2 h -1 at 5 bar. Molecular weight cut-off tests showed no rejection for the smaller glucose and sucrose molecules, though this increased to ~ 80% and full rejection for 36kD and 400kD polyvinyl pyrrolidine. Interestingly, FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of C-H stretching vibration (2800-3200 cm -1 ) and C-O stretching (1030 cm -1 ) became more pronounced as a function of increasing vacuum time, strongly suggesting that the use of vacuum further assisted in the polycondensation of phenolic oligomers. Based on these outcomes, a cluster to cluster model is proposed, whereby vacuum application promoted crosslinking reactions of the phenolic resin, creating microporous regions within the clusters, and mesoporous regions between the clusters. 2 Graphical AbstractKeywords: carbon membranes; vacuum-assisted method; water; molecular weight cut-off.

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Section: Materials Characterisationsupporting

confidence: 90%

Vacuum-assisted tailoring of pore structures of phenolic resin derived carbon membranes

Jalil

Wang²,

Yacou

et al. 2017

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…Tp1 = Peak temperature of first thermal event; Tp2 = Peak temperature of second thermal event; Tp3 = Peak temperature of third thermal event; Tmaxd = Temperature of maximum decomposition Table 5, Table 6, and Fig. 3, which show the effects of incorporation of bio-oil on thermal profiles of the resin samples, indicate that generally the resin samples exhibited three major decomposition events in temperature zones of 200 to 300 °C, 350 to 500 °C, and 500 to 700 °C, a pattern which is consistent with earlier reports (Kim et al 2004;Chen et al 2008;Wang et al 2009a;Cheng et al 2011;. This pattern may be termed as: postcuring, thermal reforming, and ring stripping (Khan and Ashraf 2007).…”

Section: Thermal Degradation Properties Of the Synthesized Resinssupporting

confidence: 89%

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

2014

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Crude bio-oil, extracted from endocarp bio-waste of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 w/w; 300 °C), was used to replace petro-phenol (30% to 75% w/w) in the development of bio-oilphenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins. Cure kinetics of the BPF resins were studied by the DSC method, while the thermal degradation was studied by the TGA method. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was measured by single lap-shear method, while biocidal properties were investigated by antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) test. The DSC studies revealed that beyond 45% bio-oil incorporation (BOI), the curing process of the BPF resins got deferred. The TGA studies showed that BOI decreased the thermal stability of the BPF resins by lowering the decomposition temperatures and the char residue. The measured values of antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) revealed that incorporation of bio-oil enhanced the fungal and termite resistance of the resins. From data of thermal cure, bonding strength, thermal stability, and biocidal properties of the BPF resins it appears that petro-phenol could be substituted by up to 45% w/w of crude bio-oil safely in the development of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde resol resins.

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“…The variation in relative intensities of these peaks clearly indicates different extent of (tri-vs. tetra-) substitutions of the aromatic rings caused by crosslinking through acidification with HCl, and formation of methylol groups by addition of formaldehyde. [38] Thermogravimetric analysis of the samples under air showed distinct degradation profiles (Figure S5 a). All three samples show a weight loss of around 5 % below 160 8C, attributed to the loss of adsorbed moisture and other volatile organics.…”

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confidence: 99%

Photonic Patterns Printed in Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Resins

et al. 2015

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Chiral nematic mesoporous phenol-formaldehyde resins, which were prepared using cellulose nanocrystals as a template, can be used as a substrate to produce latent photonic images. These resins undergo swelling, which changes their reflected color. By writing on the films with chemical inks, the density of methylol groups in the resin changes, subsequently affecting their degree of swelling and, consequently, their color. Writing on the films gives latent images that are revealed only upon swelling of the films. Using inkjet printing, it is possible to make higher resolution photonic patterns both as text and images that can be visualized by swelling and erased by drying. This novel approach to printing photonic patterns in resin films may be applied to anti-counterfeit tags, signage, and decorative applications.

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Comparative study of carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheric effects on the chemical structure changes during pyrolysis of phenol–formaldehyde spheres

Cited by 59 publications

References 21 publications

Vacuum-assisted tailoring of pore structures of phenolic resin derived carbon membranes

Vacuum-assisted tailoring of pore structures of phenolic resin derived carbon membranes

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

Photonic Patterns Printed in Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Resins

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