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Types of fabric movement inside a front-loading washer were analyzed in order to examine their effect on washing performance. A high-speed camera was used to record and track the outlines of the fabric inside a washer, and 13 movement indexes were derived. From this observation, fabric movements were divided into four categories, and the relationship between fabric movements and washing performance were examined. It was shown that the mechanical force from the complex movement where diverse fabric movements were mixed was stronger than that from the simple movement where only single fabric movement appeared. With regard to the detergency, it was also shown that complex movement was more effective than single movement. For fabric with a lower drape coefficient, there seemed to be a greater potential to generate more flexing under similar mechanical action, therefore resulting in higher washing performance.

Persistence length of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is studied using three-dimensional analysis of MWCNT individual particles, employing scanning electron microscopy with various view angles and a capillary viscometer. The root-mean-squared end-to-end distance of MWCNTs follows random-coil scaling in spite of their static bending points. The static bending persistence length (l sp) of the MWCNTs is estimated to be 271 nm. The intrinsic viscosity of the MWCNTs follows the wormlike coil model when the dynamic bending persistence length (l p) is replaced by the static bending persistence length (l sp).

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