Comparative Studies on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, Wound Healing and Cytotoxic Activities of Selected Achillea L. Species Growing in Turkey

Abstract

Turkey is one of the most important centers of diversity for the genus Achillea L. in the world. Keeping in mind the immense medicinal importance of phenols, in this study, three species growing in Turkey, A. coarctata Poir. (AC), A. kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi (AK) and A. lycaonica Boiss. & Heldr. (AL) were evaluated for their phenolic compositions, total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant properties, wound healing potencies on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Comprehensive LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that AK was distinctively rich in chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, apigenin, hesperidin, rutin, kaempferol and luteolin (2890.6, 987.3, 797.0, 422.5, 188.1, 159.4 and 121.2 µg analyte/g extract, respectively). The findings exhibited a strong correlation between TPC and both free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Among studied species, the highest TPC (148.00 mg GAE/g extract) and TAC (2.080 UAE), OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2015, 20 17977 the strongest radical scavenging (EC50 = 32.63 μg/mL), the most prominent wound healing and most abundant cytotoxic activities were observed with AK. The results suggested that AK is a valuable source of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid with important antioxidant, wound healing and cytotoxic activities. These findings warrant further studies to assess the potential of AK as a bioactive source that could be exploited in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries.

Systematic investigation of ethanolic extract from Leea macrophylla : Implications in wound healing

“…Phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids) have been reported for their redox potential, which allows them to chip in significantly as oxygen quenchers and reducing agents and in some cases even metal chelators (Pattanayaka and Sunita, 2008) imparting them potential in tackling inflammation (Sengar et al, 2015) and thereby wound healing (Akkol et al, 2012). Moreover, phenolic compounds have the ability to facilitate wound healing at different stages of wound healing either by stimulating collagen synthesis, cell proliferation and angiogenic effect (Agar et al, 2015). Chlorogenic acid quantified in the present study is a phenolic acid representing the class of hydroxycinnamic acid polyphenolic compounds and is a dimer of quinic acid and caffeic acid connected with an ester bond (Sato et al, 2011).…”

Wound healing potential of Solanum xanthocarpum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“…These compounds contribute healing process at different stages by stimulating collagen synthesis and cellular proliferation. The present study also included quantification of chlorogenic acid, a natural antioxidant reported for its diabetic wound healing, wound healing, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory and antimutagenic, properties . The diabetic wound healing potential of chlorogenic acid was attributed to its enhanced collagen deposition, decreased malondialdehyde/nitric oxide levels, elevated reduced‐glutathione, and restoration of antioxidants such as SOD and CAT .…”

Chemical composition of the essential oils and extracts of Achillea species and their biological activities: A review

“…Furthermore, they have been pointed out as potent remedies to address some human disorders including haemorrhoid (Jaric et al, 2007) and gastrointestinal (Bibi et al, 2015;Martkoplishvili and Kvavadze, 2015) disturbances. They can also be utilized as effective factors in wound healing (Agar et al, 2015).…”

“…fumigatus (Bezic et al, 2003;Bekhechi et al, 2011;Falconieri et al, 2011), A. niger (Bezic et al, 2003;Ristic et al, 2004;Stojanovic et al, 2005;Falconieri et al, 2011), C. albicans (Barel et al, 1991;Magiatis et al, 2002;Unlu et al, 2002;Bezic et al, 2003;Candan et al, 2003;Sokmen et al, 2003;El-Shazly et al, 2004;Sokmen et al, 2004;Stojanovic et al, 2005;Tuberoso et al, 2005;Iscan et al, 2006;Bader et al, 2007;Karamenderes et al, 2007;Maggi et al, 2009;Turkoglu et al, 2010;Falconieri et al, 2011;Kucukbay et al, 2011;Radulovic et al, 2012;Albayrak, 2013;Kazemi and Rostami, 2015;Turkmenoglu et al, 2015;Fahed et al, 2016), C. glabrata (Magiatis et al, 2002;Al-Snafi, 2013), C. krusei (Candan et al, 2003;Sokmen et al, 2003;Falconieri et al, 2011;Turkmenoglu et al, 2015), C. herbarum (Bekhechi et al, 2011), C. kefyr (Ghasemi et al, 2008), C. krusei (Candan et al, 2003;Sokmen et al, 2003;Falconieri et al, 2011;Turkmeno...…”

“…For this purpose, wellknown antioxidant assays including 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil or 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), Fe 3+ -EDTA-H2O2 deoxyribose (hydroxyl radical scavenging activity: FEHD or HRSA), inhibition of lipid peroxidation assay (ILPA), inhibition of superoxide radicals assay (ISRA), inhibition of hydroxyl radicals (IHRA), phosphomolybdenum (PM), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay (BCLBA), chemiluminescence assay (CLA) were utilized. In some of these studies, satisfactory IC50 values were reported which were even less than those of some synthetic or natural antioxidants (Candan et al, 2003;Sokmen et al, 2004;Jianu et al, 2015;Kazemi, 2015c, b;Milutinovic et al, 2015;Turkmenoglu et al, 2015;Venditti et al, 2015).…”