Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) Leaves to Long Photoperiod Condition

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.), an important industrial material and food source, shows an astonishing environmental adaptation. A remarkable feature of its post-domestication adaptation from tropical to temperate environments is adaptation to a long photoperiod (LP). Many photoperiod-related genes have been identified in previous transcriptomics analysis, but proteomics shows less evidence for this mechanism of photoperiod response. In this study, we sampled newly expanded leaves of maize at the three- and six-leaf stages from an LP-sensitive introgression line H496, the donor CML288, LP-insensitive inbred line, and recurrent parent Huangzao4 (HZ4) grown under long days (15 h light and 9 h dark). To characterize the proteomic changes in response to LP, the iTRAQ-labeling method was used to determine the proteome profiles of plants exposed to LP. A total of 943 proteins differentially expressed at the three- and six-leaf stages in HZ4 and H496 were identified. Functional analysis was performed by which the proteins were classified into stress defense, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, energy production, and transport functional groups using the WEGO online tool. The enriched gene ontology categories among the identified proteins were identified statistically with the Cytoscape plugin ClueGO + Cluepedia. Twenty Gene Ontology terms showed the highest significance, including those associated with protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, splicesome, ribosome, glyoxylate, dicarboxylate metabolism, L-malate dehydrogenase activity, and RNA transport. In addition, for subcellular location, all proteins showed significant enrichment of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The sugars producted by photosynthesis in plants are also a pivotal metabolic output in the circadian regulation. The results permit the prediction of several crucial proteins to photoperiod response and provide a foundation for further study of the influence of LP treatments on the circadian response in short-day plants.

Physiological and comparative proteomic analysis provides new insights into the effects of shade stress in maize (Zea mays L.)

“…L induced the expression of photosystem II reaction center Psb28 protein (K7V1V6, B6TYC5) and promoted water photolysis. Ferredoxin (K7U9U9, B6SP61, A0A096QD90) is the terminal oxidase of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, while cytochrome P450 (A0A096QBU9, A0A096PQR7, A0A096SY33, C0P4G2) acts as a terminal oxidase to accept NADPH electrons and jointly participate in the electron transport [1,40,41]. Our results showed that S increased the abundance of ferredoxin, cytochrome P450 and PSI reaction center subunits (B4FUT9, P62596, B6TR16, B6U534, B4G1K9) and VT40L decreased ferredoxin, which may mean that plants improve the photosynthetic electron transport to adapt shade stress, resulting in a low-light stress emergency response, and some basic metabolites such as carbon metabolites need to be adjusted to create a new balance under abiotic stress.…”

“…Maize (Zea mays L.) as food, feed, and biofuel is one of the most important crops in the world [1]. The photosynthetic rate of maize is relatively high because of C4 cycle, which enriches CO 2 then raises the carboxylation activity of RuBP [2].…”

“…Differential proteomics focuses on screening and identifying differences and changes in the proteome between different species or states, revealing and validating proteomics changes [29]. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) combined with tandem mass spectrometry and multidimensional liquid chromatography provides good accuracy and repeatability, particularly for low levels of protein [1,30].…”

Global transcriptome analysis of the maize (Zea mays L.) inbred line 08LF during leaf senescence initiated by pollination-prevention

“…To facilitate better understanding of the biological networks of the specific up- and down regulated DEGs, the functional enrichments were performed using the Cytoscape plug-in Cluego + Cluepedia based on biological processes as described by Wu et al[ 42 ]. As shown in Fig 4A , the specific upregulated genes in the FNP plants were enriched in various processes, such as multi-organism process, nitrogen compound transport, response to endogenous stimulus, and glycolipid transport.…”

Screening and Identification of APOC1 as a Novel Potential Biomarker for Differentiate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Children

“…A Web-accessible resource (Version 2.0) was used to determine the over-representation of Gene Ontology (GO) categories, which was classified on the basis of cellular component (CC), molecular function (MF), and biological process (BP) (Zhang et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2016). Signaling pathway analysis was performed using tools from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) database (http:// www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html) (Kanehisa et al, 2004).…”