Comparative Perspective to the Chemical Composition of imported Rice: Association of Cooking Method

Abstract

It has been reported that as much as 75% of the daily calorie intake of the people in some Asian countries is derived from rice Lead, cadmium and arsenic are from the prevalent toxic elements in food and environment that have a long half-life after the absorption in humans and animals can make unsought and unpleasant effects such as damage to internal organs, the nervous system, kidneys, liver and lungs. The present study investigated Heavy metal content in, imported rice on sale in Tehran (the most populous city of Iran) market, and assesses daily arsenic and cadmium intake from rice. To assess the levels of Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium and Lead in imported raw rice 600 samples purchased randomly from 5 popular brands of recognized rice market in 2014. The samples were analyzed by wet digestion method and standardized international protocols were followed for the preparation of material and analysis of heavy metals contents and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in Research Laboratory in Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to detect significances among samples from different brands. Results were determined as mean ± SD of dry weight from three replicates in each test. The mean content of Nickel, Lead and Cadmium in 48.6%, 27.5% and 42.3% samples from Indian imported brands were over respectively, while Zinc, Manganese and Iron contents were below the maximum permitted levels for rice. ANOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference in Cadmium and Nickel contents in different brands of rice samples (p<0.005). JECFA has set PTWI for the Cadmium at 7 mg/kg of body weight (WHO, 2004). The total dietary exposure levels of Lead, Nickel and Cadmium determined in this study were compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWLS) by the JECFA and showed higher than it. Regular monitoring of all rice varieties should be firmly continued.

The effect of various washing methods on pesticide residues, toxic and essential elements removal in rice

“…The sodium chloride solution resulted in the highest reduction of As and Cd compared to other treatments. In (Moghadam & Ziarati, 2016) study, washing and soaking rice in sodium chloride solution (2%) for 2 h removed more total arsenic for both the polished (to 87% of raw rice content) and wholegrain (to 85% of raw rice content) basmati, whereas for all other rice, percentage arsenic remaining ranged only from 36% to 49% of raw rice content. As part of the (Abu‐Almaaly, 2020) experiment, rice was soaked in DW and sodium chloride 2% for 2 h, then filtered, and washed three times with DW.…”

Detoxification of heavy metals from Oryza Sativa rice by novel agro waste: Rice husk treated by coffee bean

“…For the Iranian community, Rice is the second-high consumed food, while the main consumed food by half of the world's population is rice 37,38 . Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) was conducted for a 60kg adult person to evaluate the potential risk of rice consumption Containing the Cd, As, Pb, and Ni by equation 1 37 .…”

Assessment of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb Concentrations in Gluten-free Foods From Saudi Arabia by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

“…Essential trace elements become problematic in excess (6)(7)(8). The accurate and precise determination of these elements is generally performed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry techniques (9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”