No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

In order to investigate the effect of adding black tea leaves residue to contaminated soil due to enhance accumulating potential of heavy metals by sorghum spice an experiment was carried out. The contaminated soil by heavy metals mixed by remaining infusion of black tea ( 8:1). Sorghum Bicolor and halepence were cultivated into the research soil study. Results showed that S. Halepence transition factors for all heavy metals in treated soil were higher than one and as expected the heavy metal uptake rate by S. Bicolor plant is significantly affected by tea leaves added to soil of plant cultivated .

A survey of Iranian waters, sampled from 2010 to 2013, is presented. A total of 128 water samples from 42 different brands of bottled mineral and drinking water were collected and analysed for contamination levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). Determinations were performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer for Pb, Cd and Cu, a hydride vapour generation as well as an Arsenator digital kit (Wagtech WTD, Tyne and Wear, UK) for As and a direct mercury analyser for Hg. Arsenic concentration in six bottled gaseous mineral samples was higher than the related limit. Regardless of these, mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, As and Hg in all types of water samples were 4.50 ± 0.49, 1.08 ± 0.09, 16.11 ± 2.77, 5.80 ± 1.63 and 0.52 ± 0.03 µg L⁻¹, respectively. Values obtained for analysed heavy metals in all samples were permissible according to the limits of national and international standards.

Achieving a maximum extraction yield for common mullein polysaccharides (CMPs) with desirable antioxidant capacity was examined by the optimizing solvent/plant material ratio (S/PM, 10–50 v/w), and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) temperature (40–80 °C), time (15–75 min), and power (100–500 W) using response surface methodology. The highest extraction yield of polysaccharide (5.75%) from Verbascum thapsus flowers with a remarkable DPPH‐radical scavenging activity (67.66%) was resulted in the ultrasonic time of 60 min, ultrasonic temperature of 67.52 °C, ultrasonic power of 371.03 W, and S/PM of 40 v/w. The antioxidant activity and extraction yield obtained under the optimal UAE were noticeably more than those of the classical process. The cell morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed a more intact and amorphous matrix for intracellular CMPs extracted using the traditional method than UAE one. Structure of the mucilaginous materials with a minimum turbidity value was elucidated by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Practical applications Mucilages and polysaccharides have a key role in improving the emulsifying, texturizing, and antioxidant functions in food products. Verbascum thapsus is a unique herbal species with excellent medical and biological potentials. Optimization of extraction process of functional mucilages from V. thapsus flowers using powerful modeling and mathematical tools like response surface methodology (RSM) can significantly decrease the research time and cost with better results. The optimized method of ultrasound‐assisted extraction ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) using RSM compared with the classical extraction methods can be a practical solution to improve quality and quantity of bioactive polysaccharides to incorporate into innovative food formulations.

No abstract

No abstract