Comparative Pathogenesis of Tissue Culture-Adapted and Wild-Type Cowden Porcine Enteric Calicivirus (PEC) in Gnotobiotic Pigs and Induction of Diarrhea by Intravenous Inoculation of Wild-Type PEC

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

“…However, the relatively low prevalence of porcine SaVs probably are due to the low sensitivity of their RT-PCR assays using broadly reactive primers as we discussed in the diagnosis section. Kim et al in South Korea [55] detected 4.9% Cowden SaV-positives from nursing and weaned piglets out of 102 diarrheic pig fecal samples using 2 pairs of Cowden-specific primers targeting the RdRp and the capsid region, respectively [19]. The low prevalence in this study may be due to the relatively lower sensitivity of the RdRp primers PEC46/45 used compared to the primers PEC66/65 [68] and the high specificity of the capsid primers they used.…”

“…The Cowden and MNV-1 strains remain the only cultivable SaV and NoV strains, respectively, in the world. The pathogenesis of porcine SaV Cowden strain was delineated in gnotobiotic pigs [19,20]. Most recently, reverse genetic systems were generated for the porcine Cowden SaV and the human Norwalk NoV, in which infectious viral particles were rescued after replication of the viral genomic RNA [35,36].…”

“…Because there is no cell culture system or small animal model for NoVs and SaVs except for the porcine SaV Cowden and the murine NoV MNV-1 strains [19,31], antigenic classification of these viruses by two-way cross-neutralization tests is not yet possible. Genetic classification of these viruses based on phylogenetic analysis of the complete capsid sequences is the generally accepted method [46,48,49].…”

“…An antigen-ELISA was developed for porcine Cowden strain [19]. Hyperimmune antisera from 2 species of animals (pigs and guinea pigs) against porcine SaV Cowden strain were produced using purified virus from Cowden-infected pig fecal samples and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs), respectively [88].…”

“…Hyperimmune antisera from 2 species of animals (pigs and guinea pigs) against porcine SaV Cowden strain were produced using purified virus from Cowden-infected pig fecal samples and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs), respectively [88]. The antigen-ELISA has been used successfully for detection of the Cowden strain from experimentally infected Gn pigs or cell-culture supernatants [19,33].…”