Human Enteric RNA Viruses: Noroviruses and Sapoviruses

Clarke, Ian N.; Lambden, Paul R.

doi:10.1002/9780470688618.taw0248

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…The family Caliciviridae consists of five genera, Norovirus, Sapovirus, Vesivirus, Lagovirus, and Nebovirus, as well as a recently described group, recovirus (14,15,20,75). Caliciviruses are known to infect only vertebrate hosts, causing a wide range of diseases, including respiratory infections, vesicular lesions, gastroenteritis, and hemorrhagic disease (14,16). The partial genome of a highly divergent calicivirus was acquired from the Nepal sewage sample and preliminarily named secalivirus (sewage-associated calici-like virus [SecaliV]; GenBank accession number JQ898339).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Variety of Known and New RNA and DNA Viruses of Diverse Origins in Untreated Sewage

Marine

Wang

et al. 2012

J Virol

241

213

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g Deep sequencing of untreated sewage provides an opportunity to monitor enteric infections in large populations and for highthroughput viral discovery. A metagenomics analysis of purified viral particles in untreated sewage from the United States (San Francisco, CA), Nigeria (Maiduguri), Thailand (Bangkok), and Nepal (Kathmandu) revealed sequences related to 29 eukaryotic viral families infecting vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants (BLASTx E score, <10 ؊4 ), including known pathogens (>90% protein identities) in numerous viral families infecting humans (Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Reoviridae), plants (Alphaflexiviridae, Betaflexiviridae, Partitiviridae, Sobemovirus, Secoviridae, Tombusviridae, Tymoviridae, Virgaviridae), and insects (Dicistroviridae, Nodaviridae, and Parvoviridae). The full and partial genomes of a novel kobuvirus, salivirus, and sapovirus are described. A novel astrovirus (casa astrovirus) basal to those infecting mammals and birds, potentially representing a third astrovirus genus, was partially characterized. Potential new genera and families of viruses distantly related to members of the single-stranded RNA picorna-like virus superfamily were genetically characterized and named Picalivirus, Secalivirus, Hepelivirus, Nedicistrovirus, Cadicistrovirus, and Niflavirus. Phylogenetic analysis placed these highly divergent genomes near the root of the picorna-like virus superfamily, with possible vertebrate, plant, or arthropod hosts inferred from nucleotide composition analysis. Circular DNA genomes distantly related to the plantinfecting Geminiviridae family were named Baminivirus, Nimivirus, and Niminivirus. These results highlight the utility of analyzing sewage to monitor shedding of viral pathogens and the high viral diversity found in this common pollutant and provide genetic information to facilitate future studies of these newly characterized viruses.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Variety of Known and New RNA and DNA Viruses of Diverse Origins in Untreated Sewage

Marine

Wang

et al. 2012

J Virol

241

213

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“…Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans with epidemics being particularly common in confined communities such as hospitals, schools, hotels, and ocean liners and in the armed forces ( 1 ). The virus is transmitted by the fecal−oral route through contaminated food and water, by direct contact, and possibly by transmission through air-borne viral particles ( 2 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Southampton norovirus genome consists of a molecule of single-stranded positive sense RNA of 7708 nucleotides with a polyadenylated 3 0 terminus (6,7). The genome is organized into three open reading frames; ORF 1 1 is positioned at the 5 0 end and encodes a large 200 kDa nonstructural polyprotein, ORF 2 encodes the major capsid protein VP1, and ORF 3 codes for a small basic protein VP2 that is likely to assist in the assembly of newly synthesized viruses (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ac.uk. 1 Abbreviations: A ˚, 10 -10 m; Ac, acetyl; Da, dalton; ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; LB, Luria-Bertani; MALDI-Q-TOF-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization quadrapole time-offlight mass spectrometry; MBHA, 4-methylbenzhydrylamine hydrochloride; ORF, open reading frame; pNA, p-nitroaniline; VP, viral protein. Leu, Phe, and Gln, respectively (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Structural Study of Norovirus 3C Protease Specificity: Binding of a Designed Active Site-Directed Peptide Inhibitor

et al. 2010

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Noroviruses are the major cause of human epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Viral replication requires a 3C cysteine protease that cleaves a 200 kDa viral polyprotein into its constituent functional proteins. Here we describe the X-ray structure of the Southampton norovirus 3C protease (SV3CP) bound to an active site-directed peptide inhibitor (MAPI) which has been refined at 1.7 Å resolution. The inhibitor, acetyl-Glu-Phe-Gln-Leu-Gln-X, which is based on the most rapidly cleaved recognition sequence in the 200 kDa polyprotein substrate, reacts covalently through its propenyl ethyl ester group (X) with the active site nucleophile, Cys 139. The structure permits, for the first time, the identification of substrate recognition and binding groups in a noroviral 3C protease and thus provides important new information for the development of antiviral prophylactics.

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“…또한 복합효소처리 후 RT-PCR법을 이용하여 정성분석에 그친 선행연구 18) 를 한 단계 더 발전시켜 증폭산물을 전기영동 으로 확인할 필요없이 신속하게 높은 민감도로 확인할 수 있는 Real-time RT-PCR법으로 정량분석함으로써 물리, 화 학적 살균효능도 비교분석하였다. 노로바이러스는 인간의 장을 숙주로 하기 때문에 동물 실험이나 세포배양의 방법으로는 증식이 어렵고, 단일가 닥의 RNA로 구성되어 있어 불안정한 특성을 지니기 때 문에 본 연구에서는 노로바이러스와 동일한 Calicoviridae 과에 속하고 유전학, 형태학, 생화학적 특성이 매우 유사 한 Feline calicivirus (FCV)를 노로바이러스의 대체모델로 서 사용하였다 19,20,21,22) . .…”

Section: 최근 전세계적으로 노로바이러스에 의한 식중독 사고가 많이 보고되고 있으며 미국 질병통제예방센터(Centerunclassified

Quantitative Analysis of Feline Calicivirus Inactivation using Real-time RT-PCR

Jeong¹,

Kim²

2014

Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety

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-Norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis in all age groups and its food poisoning outbreaks are rapidly increasing in Korea. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is most widely used for the rapid detection of foodborne viruses due to high sensitivity. However, the false positive results of RT-PCR obtained against already inactivated viruses could be a serious drawbacks in food safety area. In this study, we investigated a method to yield true positive RT-PCR results only with alive viruses. To decompose the RNA genes from dead viruses, the enzymatic treatments composed of proteinse K and Ribonuclease A were applied to the sanitized and inactivated virus particles. Another aim of this study was to quantify the efficiencies of several major sanitizing treatments using realtime RT-PCR. Feline calicivirus (FCV) that belongs to the same Caliciviridae family with norovirus was used as a surrogate model for norovirus. The initial level of virus in control suspension was approximately 10 4 PFU/mL. Most of inactivated viruses treated with the enzymatic treatment for 30 min at 37 o C were not detected in RT-PCR, Quantification results to verify the inactivation efficiencies of sanitizing treatments using real-time RT-PCR showed no false positive in most cases. We could successfully develope a numerical quantification process for the inactivated viruses after major sanitizing treatments using real-time RT-PCR. The results obtained in this study could provide a novel basis of rapid virus quantification in food safety area.

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Human Enteric RNA Viruses: Noroviruses and Sapoviruses

Cited by 3 publications

References 167 publications

High Variety of Known and New RNA and DNA Viruses of Diverse Origins in Untreated Sewage

High Variety of Known and New RNA and DNA Viruses of Diverse Origins in Untreated Sewage

A Structural Study of Norovirus 3C Protease Specificity: Binding of a Designed Active Site-Directed Peptide Inhibitor

Quantitative Analysis of Feline Calicivirus Inactivation using Real-time RT-PCR

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