Comparative aspects of immunity and vaccination in human and bovine trichomoniasis: a review

Abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus are important extracellular protozoans that cause, respect i v e l y, h u m a n a n d b o v i n e v e n e r e a l d i s e a s e s . Trichomonads are extracellular parasites that primarily inhabit the genital tracts of the mammalian hosts where they overcome the mucus barrier and parasitize mucosa by contact-dependent or contact-independent cytotoxicity. Transient immunity is usually achieved by the host after clinical infection. At present, vaccination in cattle reduces infection rates and reproductive wastage in affected herds. After vaccination, immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels increase in systemic circulation while immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels rise in the vagina. Only moderate protection is conferred by means of vaccination. Future vaccine development strategies are needed for cattle to enhance the antigenic component or use adjuvant that strongly activates the innate immune response to produce safe and potent vaccines. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the immunology of trichomoniasis infection and the challenges and potential of vaccines in the control of the infection in human and bovine trichomoniasis.

Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis Infections

“…This parasite is a flagellate protozoan similar to T. vaginalis that infects cattle. Many recent research works and reviews on vaccination against T. foetus have been published (73)(74)(75). These studies have shown benefits of vaccinating cattle against trichomoniasis by prevention or clearing of genital infections due to T. foetus.…”

Contribution of the swine model in the study of human sexually transmitted infections

“…of host-parasite relationships, mechanisms of pathogenesis, parasite virulence factors, and parasite-induced immune response. More recently the natural bovine animal model -based on T. foetus, a trichomonas species very similar to T. vaginalis naturally infecting bovine-has been reviewed showing some interest in the study of parasite-induced immune response (Chapwanya et al, 2016). Even more recently, several teams have used non-human primate models (pig-tailed macaques) to assess new preventive treatments against T. vaginalis infection and to gain insights in the understanding of HIV and C. trachomatis co-infections (Henning et al, 2014;Makarova et al, 2017;Radzio et al, 2016).…”

Trichomonose Uma Doença Silenciosa E De Grande Importância

“…Nos homens é mais encontrado em parceiros de mulheres infectadas, porém no sexo masculino há uma cura espontânea da doença de duas a 4 semanas após a infecção. Por ser assintomático em homens, muitos sem saber que estão infectados, espalham a doença para indivíduos de sua convivência (CHAPWANYA et al, 2016).…”

“…Esses testes devem ser realizados antes do início da estação reprodutiva e ao fim dela, com o objetivo de identificar o agente de maneira precoce no rebanho para programar e implementar um programa de controle. Deve-se abater os touros infectados, consequentemente isso promove a erradicação deste parasita no rebanho (CHAPWANYA et al, 2016).…”