Comparative Analysis of the Polymorphism of the Casein Genes in Camels Bred in Kazakhstan

Amandykova, Makpal; Dossybayev, Kairat; Mussayeva, Aizhan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Saitou, Naruya

doi:10.3390/d14040285

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In Kazakhstan's western and southern regions, camel milk is the primary foodstuff. Kazakhstan is the only country where one-humped and two-humped camels are kept, and hybrids are produced [3]. In Figure 1, it is shown that from 1990 to 2022, the camel population increased by 59%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the fatty and amino acid composition of camel milk, milk powder and shubat

Zhumabay,

Serikbayeva,

Kozykan

et al. 2023

Potr. S. J. F. Sci.

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Camel milk is considered an essential source of nutrition and an effective remedy with healing properties in treating several diseases. Shubat, a fermented drink made from camel milk, contains easily digestible proteins, determining its nutritional value. Meanwhile, few studies have analysed the fatty and amino acid composition of Bactrian camel milk, milk powder and shubat in Kazakhstan. In this paper, we used the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determine milk the fatty and amino acid composition of Kazakhstan camel milk and camel milk powder and submit samples. As a result, significant differences in the fatty acid and amino acid compositions were observed among samples of raw milk, milk powder and shubat. differences were found in all amino acids. The most representative fatty acids in the three groups were С16:0, С18:0, С18:1n9c, С14:0 FAs. In camel milk samples, among indispensable amino acids, lysine (29.64%) was the highest in concentration, followed by methionine (25.68%). Some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as С18:3n3c, С20:4n6, С18:3n3c, С20:3n3c 8,11,14 were found only in shubat samples. Furthermore, we revealed a significant decrease in both dispensable (DAA) and indispensable (IDAA) contents in camel milk powder. Meanwhile, an increase in the quantitative content of amino acids has been observed in shubat, especially in threonine (166.86%), aspargine (156.34%), alanine (114.48%), etc. The results provide a theoretical basis for additional studies of camel milk composition of Bactrian camel in Kazakhstan.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kazakhstan is a country where horse and camel breeding are traditionally practised. Compared to other animals, camels have a peculiar peculiarity and adaptability to our harsh climatic conditions [1]. As most of our country has desert and semi-desert zones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the fatty and amino acid composition of camel milk, milk powder and shubat

Zhumabay,

Serikbayeva,

Kozykan

et al. 2023

Potr. S. J. F. Sci.

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“…It should be noted that the genetic characteristics of Kazakhstani camel populations are yet to be studied, apart from the studies based on microsatellites [30] and camel casein gene polymorphism [31]. As for hybrids, data on studies of their genetic characteristics still need to be included.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Genetic Structure of Hybrid Camels in Kazakhstan

Amandykova

Dossybayev

Mussayeva

et al. 2023

Genes

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Camel farming is gaining scientific interest due to its unique agricultural characteristics. Camels are versatile for milk and meat production, wool, racing, transport, and tourism. To use their full potential, it is essential to improve our understanding of the genetic structure of these animals. One-humped and two-humped camels have received detailed genetic descriptions, while there is no such information for their hybrids, which outperform their parent species in several agricultural characteristics. Thus, in this study, for the first time, the whole genome sequencing data (WGS) of five hybrid camels bred in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan are presented in comparison with the WGS data of one-humped, two-humped, and wild camels. A total of 43,552,164 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found across the studied groups. Further comparison of these SNPs showed the following number of private SNPs among the populations: hybrid camels (3,271,083), wild camels (2,515,591), Bactrians (1,244,694), and dromedaries (531,224). The genetic structure of the studied animals was described, and a phylogenetic tree was built to assess their genetic distance. It was found that the studied hybrids are genetically closer to dromedaries since they were on the close branch of the phylogenetic tree.

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“…This protein's CSN1S2 gene has rarely been examined in animals, including camels. No literature has been found about this gene's single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affecting camel milk production [15]. β-Casein is the most abundant protein in camel milk, and its coding gene (CSN2) is called the "primary" gene in other species [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a lot of recent advancement in the accumulation and analysis of mRNA transcript profiles of a variety of tissue and cell types, such as those associated with different human disorders [18]. Despite this, there is still a lot that needs to be known about transcriptional pathways which regulate various expression patterns [3,[15][16][17]19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Casein Gene Family in Camelus ferus

Parveen

Zhu

Shafique

et al. 2023

Genes

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Camel milk is known for its exceptional medical uses. It has been used since ancient times to treat infant diarrhea, hepatitis, insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), lactose intolerance, alcohol-induced liver damage, allergies, and autism. It has the power to treat several diseases, with cancer being the most significant. This study investigated the evolutionary relationship, physiochemical characteristics, and comparative genomic analysis of the casein gene family (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3) in Camelus ferus. Molecular phylogenetics showing the camelid species clustered casein nucleotide sequences into four groups: CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3. The casein proteins from camels were evaluated and found to be unstable, thermostable, and hydrophilic. CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 were acidic, but CSN1S1 was basic. CSN1S1 showed positive selection for one amino acid (Q), CSN1S2 and CSN2 for three (T, K, Q), and CSN3 showed no positive selection. We also compared high-milk-output species such as cattle (Bos Tarus) and low-milk-yield species such as sheep (Ovies Aries) with camels (Camel ferus) and discovered that YY1 sites are more frequent in sheep than in camels and very low in cattle. We concluded that the ratio of YY1 sites in these species may affect milk production.

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Comparative Analysis of the Polymorphism of the Casein Genes in Camels Bred in Kazakhstan

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Determination of the fatty and amino acid composition of camel milk, milk powder and shubat

Determination of the fatty and amino acid composition of camel milk, milk powder and shubat

A Study of the Genetic Structure of Hybrid Camels in Kazakhstan

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Casein Gene Family in Camelus ferus

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