Comparative acute oral toxicity of pesticides to six species of birds

Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators

“…In contrast, Tucker and Haegele (1971), measuring the LD50 of six avian species to 16 pesticides, found that although the species varied widely in their sensitivity to specific compounds, the average sensitivity of anyone species to the 16 pesticides was not statistically different from any other. Three of the species used were closely related, and the other three much more distantly, but these studies did not include either the starling or the red-winged blackbird.…”

Ecotoxicology of Chlorpyrifos

“…Mallard ducks (1.5-180 d old) exhibited a less than threefold variation in LDso values (Table 8) (Hudson et al 1972). In contrast to mammalian species, young, nonbreeding birds show minimal sex-dependent differences in sensitivity to pesticides (Tucker and Haegele 1971). Chlorpyrifos toxicity increased in cold-stressed bobwhite quail (Maguire and Williams 1987a); dietary LCsoS decreased from 531 ppm (35°C) to 283 ppm (27.5 0C).…”

“…Reference Hudson et al 1984Schafer 1972Schafer 1972Schafer 1972Schafer and Cunningham 1972Tucker and Haegele 1971 Schafer and Brunton 1971…”

A review of available methods and description of a new method for eliminating ectoparasites from bird nests

“…These birds may have much higher percentages of body fat and may also be less sensitive to chemicals than birds in the wild (Ballantyne and Marrs 2013). In addition, different species of birds vary in their sensitivity to chemicals (Hill 1971, 1982, Tucker and Haegele 1971, and nestlings are often more sensitive than adults (Grue and Shipley 1984, Fry 1995, Wolfe and Kendall 1998, Parker and Goldstein 2000, with altricial nestlings being more sensitive than precocial nestlings (Hoffman et al 2002). As a result, using insecticides advertised as being non-toxic to birds does not guarantee that they will have no effects on nestlings.…”