Ecotoxicology of Chlorpyrifos

Effect of sorghum seed treatment in Burkina Faso varies with baseline crop performance and geographical location

“…The other active compound of Calthio C is the organophosphate, Chlorpyrifos (IUPAC name O,5,. The main biological target of this compound is the insect acetylcholinesterase (Barron and Woodburn, 1995). Thus, the binary pesticide meets the general recommendation by FAO to apply both a fungicide and an insecticide in the treatment of sorghum seeds (FAO, 2011).…”

Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon

“…Observations have also been recorded for other animals such as fish (Racke 1993;Barron and Woodburn 1995), aquatic organisms (Giesy et al 1999) and birds (Solomon et al 2001). The focus in this paper is on newer studies, and only key information from older studies will be addressed.…”

“…These have been used to calculate various magnification factors. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) reported from laboratory studies reviewed by Racke (1993) and Barron and Woodburn (1995) in 17 species of freshwater (FW) and saltwater fish exposed to CPY at concentrations <10 μg/L for ≥26 d ranged from 396 to 5,100 with a mean of 1,129 and a geometric mean of 848 (SI Table 5). Similar values were observed in several studies conducted in microcosms or ponds under field conditions, which also have been reviewed in Racke (1993).…”

Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

“…The toxicity of CPY to non-target organisms was extensively reviewed in 1995 (Barron and Woodburn 1995 ) and this review was used as an initial reference source. Toxicity data from acute studies in aquatic organisms also were obtained from the USEPA ECOTOX database (USEPA 2007 ), from studies conducted by Dow AgroSciences, and from the open literature (SI Table 1 ).…”

“…Cosms also include dynamic interactions between and among species so that potential "ecosystem-level" effects can be evaluated, including predator-prey interactions in the larger systems (Giesy and Geiger 1980 ). Early cosm studies of CPY were reviewed by Leeuwangh ( 1994 ), Barron and Woodburn ( 1995 ), and Giesy et al ( 1999 ). Since the publication of the Giesy et al review, results of several cosm studies of CPY have featured prominently in comparisons of cosm studies, single-species laboratory toxicity tests, and regulatory benchmarks across classes of insecticides (Brock et al 2000(Brock et al , 2006Maltby et al 2005 ;van Wijngaarden et al 2005b ).…”