Combined Sizing and Energy Management in EVs With Batteries and Supercapacitors

Araújo, Rui Esteves; Castro, Ricardo de; Pinto, C.; Melo, Pedro; Freitas, Diamantino

doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2318275

Cited by 117 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Much better performances can be achieved by semi-active and active HESS configurations, which exploit one or more DC/DC converters for decoupling BP and UM [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Particularly, Figure 4 shows an active parallel configuration, in which BP and UM are parallel-connected to the DC-link both through DC/DC converters.…”

Section: Advancements In Energy Storage Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Highly Integrated Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Propulsion and Smart Grid Applications

Serpi¹,

Porru²,

Damiano³

2018

Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies

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This chapter addresses potentialities and advantages of a highly integrated hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for electric propulsion and smart grids. This configuration consists of a highly integrated battery-ultracapacitor system (HIBUC) and aims to benefit from the advantages of both passive and active HESS configurations. Particularly, the integration of the ultracapacitor module (UM) within the DC-link of the DC/AC multilevel converter enables the decoupling between DC-link voltage and energy content without the need for any additional DC/DC converter. As a result, HIBUC benefits from simplicity and energy flow management capabilities very similar to those achieved by passive and active HESS configurations, respectively. This is highlighted properly by a theoretical analysis, which also accounts for a comparison between HIBUC and both passive and active HESS configurations. Some HIBUC application examples are also reported, which highlight the flexibility and potentialities of HIBUC for both electric propulsion systems and smart grids.

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Section: Advancements In Energy Storage Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Highly Integrated Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Propulsion and Smart Grid Applications

Serpi¹,

Porru²,

Damiano³

2018

Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies

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“…E. Schaltz et al [17] studied the influence of the hybrid source sizing on battery lifetime in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle. In addition, E. Araújo et al [18] presented a study of combined sizing and energy management algorithms for electric vehicles endowed with batteries and supercapacitors. It uses two methodologies based on a combination of the energy management problem together with the sizing task to improve the system performances.…”

Section: Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Optimal Sizing and Control of Li-Ion Battery/Supercapacitor Embedded Power Supply Using Hybrid Particle Swarm–Nelder–Mead Algorithm

Mesbahi

Khenfri

Rizoug

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy

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This paper examines and optimizes parameters that affect the sizing and control of a hybrid embedded power supply composed of Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors in electric vehicle applications. High demands including power and energy density, low charge/discharge power stress on the battery (long lifetime), lightweight design and relatively modest cost at the same time cannot be provided solely by batteries or supercapacitors. For this reason, we propose the use of a Li-ion battery/supercapacitor hybrid embedded power supply for an urban electric vehicle. The sizing process of this system including the optimization of the power sharing is done thanks to a developed hybrid Particle Swarm-Nelder-Mead (PSO-NM) algorithm involving multi-objective optimization. This approach also allows us to optimize the proposed energy management strategies based on frequency rule-based control and different ways of supercapacitors energy regulation. Obtained results show that the hybrid embedded power supply with the proposed control strategies is able to offer the best performances for the chosen electric vehicle in terms of weight, initial cost and battery lifetime.Index Terms-electric vehicle, hybrid embedded power supply, Li-ion battery, supercapacitor, energy management strategy, hybrid (PSO-NM) optimization algorithm. I. NOMENCLATURE SymbolsAerodynamic drag force (N) Tire rolling resistance force (N) Gravitational resistance force by slope in the road (N) Acceleration force (N) Air density (kg/m3) S Vehicle frontal surface ( 2 ) Penetration air coefficient 0 , 1 Rolling resistance coefficients ℎ Vehicle forward speed (m/s) M Vehicle mass (Kg) Electric vehicle power (W) Final value of the energy consumption in one mission (J) _ Series battery cells in one branch _ Branches number in parallel of battery pack _ Nominal energy of battery cell ( J) _ Battery weight ratio in energy consumption ( J/Kg) W el_ B Weight of battery cell (Kg) 0 _ Internal resistance of battery cell (Ω) U _ Nominal voltage of battery cell (V) _ Maximum of traction power (W) _ Maximum of braking power (W) _ Maximum discharge power of battery cell (W) _ Maximum charge power of battery cell (W) ∂ P W cons Battery weight ratio in discharge power (W/Kg) ∂ P W rec Battery weight ratio in charge power (W/Kg) _ Series supercapacitor cells in one branch _ Branches number in parallel of supercapacitor pack ∆ Energy requirements of supercapacitor pack to ensure transient peak power (J) − Maximum of supercapacitor energy in one cycle (J) − Minimum of supercapacitor energy in one cycle (J) _ Nominal capacity of supercapacitor cell (F) DC bus voltage ( ) Supercapacitor weight ratio in discharge power (W/Kg) Supercapacitor weight ratio in charge power (W/Kg) _ Weight of supercapacitor cell (Kg) Cutoff frequency (Hz) Maximum limit of battery discharge power (W) Maximum limit of battery charge power (W) 0− Battery power before regulation of supercapacitor energy − Recharge power needed to ensure supercapacitor energy regulation − Optimal value of supercapacitor state o...

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“…Different alternatives are described, with electric hybridization , Bauman et al 2008, Khaligh et Zhihao 2010, Garcia et al 2004, Araujo et al 2014, Thoungtong et al 2009, Camara et al 2008, Li et al 2012, M. Esfahanian et al 2013, D.Chindamo et al 2013) and hydraulic hybridization (Baseley et al 2007, Filipi and Kim 2010, Kim and Filipi 2007, Wu et al 2002, Wohlgemuth 2013, Surampudi 2009) being the most typical ones.…”

Section: *Corresponding Author E-mail: Fsoriano@rosrocacommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EGS is the same as that of the second powertrain, but the ESS has been modified with an added battery. Several authors have proposed the use of a combination of batteries, fuel cells, and ultracapacitors for vehicular powertrains (Araujo et al 2014, Thoungtong et al 2009, Camara et al 2008, Li et al 2012. From a conceptual point of view, this is very interesting because the physical principles of each element (ultracapacitors, battery, and fuel cells) have different power dynamics.…”

Section: Hybrid Electric Powertrain Hardware Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles based on real routes–Part II: Hybrid electric powertrain

Soriano¹,

Moreno-Eguilaz

Álvarez

et al. 2016

Int.J Automot. Technol.

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ABSTRACT-In this two-part paper, a topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles (RCVs) based on simulation of different architectures (internal combustion engine, hybrid electric, and hybrid hydraulic) on real routes is proposed. In this second part, three different hybrid electric powertrain architectures are proposed and modeled. These architectures are based on the use of fuel cells, ultracapacitors, and batteries. A calculation engine, which is specifically designed to estimate energy consumption, respecting the original performance as the original internal combustion engine (ICE), is presented and used for simulations and component sizing. Finally, the overall performance of the different architectures (hybrid hydraulic, taken from the first paper part, and hybrid electric, estimated in this second part) and control strategies are summarized in a fuel and energy consumption table. Based on this table, an analysis of the different architecture performance results is carried out. From this analysis, a technological evolution of these vehicles in the medium-and long terms is proposed.

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Combined Sizing and Energy Management in EVs With Batteries and Supercapacitors

Cited by 117 publications

References 33 publications

A Novel Highly Integrated Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Propulsion and Smart Grid Applications

A Novel Highly Integrated Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Propulsion and Smart Grid Applications

Combined Optimal Sizing and Control of Li-Ion Battery/Supercapacitor Embedded Power Supply Using Hybrid Particle Swarm–Nelder–Mead Algorithm

Topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles based on real routes–Part II: Hybrid electric powertrain

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