An optimal energy storage system (ESS) management procedure devoted to full renewable energy sources (RESs) exploitation is presented in this paper. It consists of an appropriate scheduling procedure and a real-time control strategy, which both aim to increase the RES penetration level as much as possible. In particular, the one-day-ahead scheduling procedure synthesizes the combined RES-ESS energy production profile with the aim of minimizing the RES energy production curtailments by means of ESS energy buffering. The real-time control strategy is developed in order to track the scheduled profile as well as possible by mitigating forecasting errors, thus improving RES reliability. The worth and effectiveness of the proposed management procedure is verified through a wide simulation study, which is carried out by means of the Matlab software package
A novel optimal power and energy management (OPEM) for centralized hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) in microgrids is presented in this paper. The proposed OPEM aims at providing multiple grid services by suitably exploiting the different power/energy features of electrochemical batteries (B) and supercapacitors (S). The first part of the paper focuses on the design and analysis of the proposed OPEM, by highlighting the advantages of employing hand-designed solutions based on Pontryagin's minimum principle rather than resorting to pre-defined optimization tools. Particularly, the B power profile is synthesized optimally over a given time horizon in order to provide both peak shaving and reduced grid energy buffering, while S is employed in order to compensate for short-term forecasting errors and to prevent B from handling sudden and high-frequency power fluctuations. Both the B and S power profiles are computed in real-time in order to benefit from more accurate forecasting, as well as to support each other. Then, the effectiveness of the proposed OPEM is tested through numerical simulations, which have been carried out based on real data from the German island of Borkum. Particularly, an extensive and detailed performance analysis is performed by comparing OPEM with a frequency-based management strategy (FBM) in order to highlight the superior performance achievable by the proposed OPEM in terms of both power and energy management and HESS exploitation.ESS in several applications, their use for providing energy and power services is still quite limited. Considering supercapacitors, flywheel and superconducting magnetic ESS, they are very suitable for power services due to their fast dynamic response. However, supercapacitors suffer from very poor energy content, while flywheel and superconducting magnetic ESS are characterized by safety and cost issues respectively. Despite the specific types of ESS, a literature review reveals that a single ESS technology may not be suitable for providing both energy and power services. Consequently, ESS economic viability is still an issue for grid applications, especially due to high investment costs.In this regard, hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) represent a very promising solution; these consist of suitable combinations of both high energy and high power density ESS and thus, of ESS technologies characterized by complementary features [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Consequently, HESS can benefit from the advantages of different ESS technologies, resulting in enhanced performance compared to single ESS. Regarding the high energy density storage unit of the HESS, electrochemical batteries (B), compressed-air or hydrogen-based ESS are generally considered, which are characterized by an adequate energy capacity but relatively slow dynamic performance. It is also possible to make an HESS by combining B with compressed-air or hydrogen-based ESS [16,17]; in these cases, B act as the high power density storage unit due to superior dynamic performances and lower energy density c...
In the present paper an analytic procedure for the preliminary design of a High-Speed ferrite-based Brushless DC Machine (HS-BLDC) has been proposed. In particular, a mechanical and electromagnetic modeling has been developed in order to take into account their mutual influence in the definition of the geometry of the electrical machine. In addition, suitable design targets have been imposed in accordance with electric vehicle application requirements. Hence, several mechanical and electromagnetic constraints have been introduced in order to comply with high-speed operation, preventing demagnetization issues of ferrite magnets as well. Subsequently, an HS-BLDC characterized by an inner rotor configuration has been designed in accordance with the proposed methodology. The analytical procedure and the corresponding results have been reported and validated by means of Finite Element Analyses (FEAs), highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed configuration and design solutions.
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