Combined optical and electrical stimulation of neural tissue in vivo

Duke, Austin R.; Cayce, Jonathan M.; Malphrus, Jonathan D.; Konrad, Peter E.; Mahadevan‐Jansen, Anita; Jansen, E.

doi:10.1117/1.3257230

Cited by 69 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In other words, if it is possible to change the resting potential of the neuron toward the activation threshold for sodium channels, the neuron becomes more sensitive to optical stimulation. It has been shown in oocytes, 9 in Aplysia californica and in rat sciatic nerves, 36,37 that the threshold for INS can be lowered by electrical-optical costimulation. The electrical stimulus is thought to depolarize the cell without evoking an action potential.…”

Section: Capacitive Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target structures for cochlear infrared neural stimulation

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a method to depolarize neurons with infrared light. While consensus exists that heating of the target structure is essential, subsequent steps that result in the generation of an action potential are controversially discussed in the literature. The question of whether cochlear INS is an acoustic event has not been clarified. Results have been published that could be explained solely by an acoustic event. However, data exist that do not support an acoustical stimulus as the dominant factor in cochlear INS. We review the different findings that have been suggested for the mechanism of INS. Furthermore, we present the data that clarify the role of an acoustical event in cochlear INS. Masking experiments have been performed in hearing, hearing impaired, and severely hearing impaired animals. In normal hearing animals, the laser response could be masked by the acoustic stimulus. Once thresholds to acoustic stimuli were elevated, the ability to acoustically mask the INS response gradually disappeared. Thresholds for acoustic stimuli were significantly elevated in animals with compromised cochlear function, while the thresholds for optical stimulation remained largely unchanged. The results suggest that the direct interaction between the radiation and the target structure dominates cochlear INS.

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Section: Capacitive Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target structures for cochlear infrared neural stimulation

et al. 2015

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“…This narrow window can be expanded from a 2:1 ratio to an almost 6:1 ratio by first applying a subthreshold electrical stimulus before optical stimula tion during a hybrid ENS-ONS approach. 97 A general limitation of this novel hybrid method for the stimu lation of peripheral nerves is that it negates some of the advantages of ONS alone (for example, noncontact stimulation and the elimination of electrical stimulation artefacts). For the specific application of detecting the prostate cavernous nerves, however, noncontact versus contact mode might not be critical, and if a physiologi cal response (for example, ICP or tumescence) is used as the method of detection, concerns about electrical s timulation artefacts could be reduced.…”

Section: Hybrid Electro-optical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach uses ENS to effectively 'prime' the peripheral nerve so that ONS can then be performed at a lower, and hence safer, threshold energy and within a wider therapeutic window than ONS alone. [97][98][99][100] Currently, during conventional ONS, only about a dif ference of 1-2 factors exists in radiant exposure (energy density) between the maximum exposure threshold (corresponding to the threshold for thermal damage to the nerve) and the minimum exposure threshold (corres ponding to the lowest exposure needed for nerve stimulation). This narrow window can be expanded from a 2:1 ratio to an almost 6:1 ratio by first applying a subthreshold electrical stimulus before optical stimula tion during a hybrid ENS-ONS approach.…”

Section: Hybrid Electro-optical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel methods for mapping the cavernous nerves during radical prostatectomy

Fried

Burnett

2015

Nat Rev Urol

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The cavernous nerves, which course along the surface of the prostate gland, are responsible for erectile function. During radical prostatectomy, urologists are challenged in preserving these nerves and their function. Cavernous nerves are microscopic and show variable location in different patients; therefore, postoperative sexual potency rates are widely variable following radical prostatectomy. A variety of technologies, including electrical and optical nerve stimulation, dye-based optical fluorescence and microscopy, spectroscopy, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging have all been used to study cavernous nerve anatomy and physiology, and some of these methods are also potential intraoperative methods for identifying and preserving cavernous nerves. However, all of these technologies have inherent limitations, including slow or inconsistent nerve responses, poor image resolution, shallow image depth, slow image acquisition times and/or safety concerns. New and emerging technologies, as well as multimodal approaches combining existing methods, hold promise for improved postoperative sexual outcomes and patient quality of life following radical prostatectomy.

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“…The ratio of laser exposures for damage to stimulation with pure infrared stimulation is 2:1, while with subthreshold electrical stimulus the ratio increases to 6:1. 17 Tozburun and coworkers 18 created a laparoscopic laser probe that can stimulate a target 20 mm away with a 1-mm beam, and it was successfully used for in-vivo rat experiments. This technology uses ICP as the physiologic output measured as did the fixed bipolar and has the advantages and disadvantages of that measurement system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nerve Mapping for Prostatectomies: Novel Technologies Under Development

Ponnusamy

Sorger

Mohr

2012

Journal of Endourology

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Prostatic neuroanatomy is difficult to visualize intraoperatively and can be extremely variable. Damage to these nerves during prostatectomies may lead to postoperative complications such as erectile dysfunction and incontinence. This review aims to discuss the prostatic neuroanatomy, sites of potential nerve damage during a prostatectomy, and nerve-mapping technologies being developed to prevent neural injury. These technologies include stimulation, dyes, and direct visualization. Nerve stimulation works by testing an area and observing a physiologic response but is limited by the long half-life for an erectile response; examples include CaverMap, ProPep, and optical nerve stimulation. Few nerve dyes have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because of the extensive testing required; examples of nerve dyes include compounds from Avelas and General Electric, fluorescent cholera toxin subunit B, indocyanine green, fluorescent inactivated herpes simplex 2, and Fluoro-Gold. Direct visualization techniques have a simpler FDA approval process; examples include optical coherence tomography, multiphoton microscopy, ultrasound, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Many researchers are developing several novel technologies that can be categorized as stimulation based, dye-based, or direct visualization. As of yet, none has shown clear evidence to improve surgical outcomes and consequently lack wide adoption. Further development of these technologies may lead to improved complication rates after prostatectomies. Clinically, some technologies have demonstrated utility in predicting the development of complications. By using that information, more aggressive rehabilitation programs may lead to improved long-term function. These technologies can also be applied for research to improve our knowledge of the neuroanatomy and physiology of erection and incontinence.

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Combined optical and electrical stimulation of neural tissue in vivo

Cited by 69 publications

References 11 publications

Target structures for cochlear infrared neural stimulation

Target structures for cochlear infrared neural stimulation

Novel methods for mapping the cavernous nerves during radical prostatectomy

Nerve Mapping for Prostatectomies: Novel Technologies Under Development

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