“…Recently, the use of composite materials, especially fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), has gained widespread acceptance across multiple industries, including aeronautics, automotive, military, shipbuilding, and more (Smolnicki et al ., 2023). This popularity can be attributed to their numerous advantages, such as lightweight properties, high strength, ease of manufacturing, and their adaptability for reinforcing various structures, including large-scale applications like concrete structures (Ben Seghier et al ., 2021a).…”