Combination anesthesia with ketamine and pentobarbital: a long-term porcine model

Abstract

Anesthesia of the pig poses great problems for experimental animal-based research and particularly in shock research. In this study, five mechanically ventilated domestic pigs were given long-term anesthesia with a combination of ketamine plus pentobarbital. Circulatory parameters were recorded every 2 h via an arterial catheter placed in the right common carotid artery, a Swan-Gans thermodilution catheter (7F), that was placed in the pulmonary artery of the right middle-lobe in a wedge position through the external jugular vein, and another catheter in the internal jugular vein for measuring central venous pressure. Moreover, body weight, blood gases, pH, blood cells, electrolytes and serum enzymes were measured. Further serum traits as total protein and glucose and pathological alterations in different organs were recorded. The animals were observed for a period of 96 h and then killed painlessly. It was shown that pigs can survive 96-h anesthesia with the combination of ketamine and pentobarbital. Optimum, carefully controlled anesthesia did not impair the integrity of the regulatory mechanisms of circulation.

Development of porcine model of chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

“…Pigs were anesthetized using a modified protocol described by Goldmann et al [16]. Briefly, animals were premedicated with an intramuscular injection 2 mg/kg azaperone (5 ml, Stressnil, Jannsen-Cilag, Neuss, Germany).…”

A method for MRI guidance of intercostal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the liver

“…In vivo experiments were performed on three pigs weighing approximately 50 kg and under general anesthesia, following the protocol described in Ref. 23. The animals were sedated by intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg of acepromazine ͑calmivet͒ ͑Vetoquinol, Lure, France͒ and anesthetized by IV injection of 0.1 mL/kg of pentobarbital ͑CEVA santé animale, Libourne, France͒.…”

General Handling and Anesthesia for Experimental Surgery in Pigs

“…Then, intravenous induction using 6 mg/kg pentobarbital is performed prior endotracheal intubation. Anesthesia is maintained with 6 mg/kg/h pentobarbital and 7.2 mg/kg/h ketamine [28]. 3 Introduction of anaesthetization is established by intramuscular administration of azaperone 10 mg/kg and atropine 0.025 mg/kg.…”

“…Anesthesia by infusion is possible with agents such as pentobarbital, ketamine, xylazine, azaperone, propofol, midazolam, and fentanyl [2,23,[27][28][29]. Anesthesia by inhalation is possible with isoflurane, enflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane [19, 30 -32].…”