“…The target DNA hybridized with the fully complementary probe DNA on nanoparticles, which led to the large-scale aggregation of AuNPs, bringing a visible color transition from red to purple [32][33][34]. During the following decades, colorimetric detection based on AuNPs towards various targets has been extensively investigated including DNA [35][36][37], proteins [38][39][40], small organic molecules [41][42][43][44][45], and ions, such as mercury(II) [46][47][48], lead(II) [49,50], copper(II) [51,52], calcium(II) [53], uranium(II) [54] and nitrite [55].…”