Color-Shift Keying for Optical Camera Communication Using a Rolling Shutter Mode

Chen, Haowei; Wen, Shangsheng; Wang, Xinglin; Liang, Mingzhu; Li, Muyun; Li, Qingchang; Liu, Yun

doi:10.1109/jphot.2019.2898909

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…We can see that for the nearest LED, the covered pixel area on the image sensor is larger than the farthest one, although the actual sizes of the LEDs are the same, which is described in Chen, H.W et al [16] as well. However, the strip's widths do not change with the variation in distance between transmitter and receiver because the light ON-OFF time remains the same.…”

Section: Communication Rangementioning

confidence: 64%

“…However, in the near future, this technology could provide a large contribution to the upcoming IoT paradigms and the requirements of massive user connectivity. Recently, numerous experimental works have been published [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] for OCC with their individual implementation goals. According to the application, every work meets a certain level of results which can satisfy the particular goals.…”

Section: Occ Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to another work of P. Luo et al [12], a data rate of 500 bps is achieved at a distance of 1.5 m. This work also has to perform off line simulations as well. Multi-level intensity modulation (MI) and color-shift keying (CSK) can provide a comparatively higher data rate (up to 10 kbps) but are limited with the communication distance [14,16,17]. Smartphone-based real-time processing is a challenging issue as it has camera limitations and lower processing strength.…”

Section: Occ Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

et al. 2019

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Visible light and infrared bands of the optical spectrum used for optical camera communication (OCC) are becoming a promising technology nowadays. Researchers are proposing new OCC-based architectures and applications in both indoor and outdoor systems using the embedded cameras on smartphones, with a view to making them user-friendly. Smartphones have useful features for developing applications using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor cameras, which can receive data from optical transmitters. However, several challenges have arisen in increasing the capacity and communication range, owing to the limitations of current cameras and implementation complexities. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the OCC technology requirements and opportunities using smartphone cameras from an implementation point of view. Furthermore, we demonstrate an OCC system using a low frame rate smartphone camera to particularly analyze the requirements and critical implementation challenges. Also, some possible solutions are provided with a view to improving the overall system capacity, communication distance, and stability.

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Section: Communication Rangementioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Occ Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occ Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

et al. 2019

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“…The effect will be noticed if the object is moving fast, causing a jello effect and damage to the image quality. However, one can take advantage of the rolling shutter mechanism in an OCC system to increase the sampling rate of the receiver [33,34,37,41,51,[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83].…”

Section: (I) Optical Spatial Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some practical constraints and solutions for optical camera communication

Liu

2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Mobile wireless communication heavily relies on the radio frequency to convey message and data. However, its limited spectrum can hardly meet the demands for the future high data rate applications. Optical wireless communication, in particular visible light communication, opens up vast optical spectrum for communication, and meanwhile can retrofit the light sources as the communication transmitters in the existing working or living environments. In conjunction with the ubiquitous cameras in hand-held consumer electronics such as smartphones and pads, optical camera communication (OCC) further takes advantages of image sensors as the communication receivers and realizes low-cost communication systems. This article first provides an overview of OCC systems. It then addresses some practical constraints, ranging from sensor low frame rate and instability, rolling shutter readout, to visual qualities of displayed images and videos, and link blockage between the transmitter and receiver. Accordingly, it introduces existing and new solutions to deal with those constraints by data modulation, newly developed camera structures, post-processing of sensed signals and non-line of sight OCC as a new form. In particular, indirect paths by either the indoor surface reflection or the outdoor atmospheric scattering are explored for link connectivity under blockage. Finally, some future research directions are suggested. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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“…A colour-shift keying (CSK) modulation scheme was adopted for RGB LEDs based VLC and OCC offering data rates of 240 bps, 5.2 kbps and 8.64 kbps (i.e., 288 bit/frame with a R f of 30 fps), respectively [10], [11], [13]. In [12], both data rate and packet size enhancement were employed in IS-based communications with 4-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) to achieve a data rate of 3.6 kbps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Rate Enhancement in Optical Camera Communications Using an Artificial Neural Network Equaliser

et al. 2020

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In optical camera communication (OCC) systems leverage on the use of commercial off-the-shelf image sensors to perceive the spatial and temporal variation of light intensity to enable data transmission. However, the transmission data rate is mainly limited by the exposure time and the frame rate of the camera. In addition, the camera's sampling will introduce intersymbol interference (ISI), which will degrade the system performance. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based equaliser with the adaptive algorithm is employed for the first time in the field of OCC to mitigate ISI and therefore increase the data rate. Unlike other communication systems, training of the ANN network in OCC is done only once in a lifetime for a range of different exposure time and the network can be stored with a look-up table. The proposed system is theoretically investigated and experimentally evaluated. The results record the highest bit rate for OCC using a single LED source and the Manchester line code (MLC) non-return to zero (NRZ) encoded signal. It also demonstrates 2 to 9 times improved bandwidth depending on the exposure times where the system's bit error rate is below the forward error correction limit. INDEX TERMS Optical camera communication, ANN equaliser, visible light communications, rolling shutter.

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Color-Shift Keying for Optical Camera Communication Using a Rolling Shutter Mode

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

Some practical constraints and solutions for optical camera communication

Data Rate Enhancement in Optical Camera Communications Using an Artificial Neural Network Equaliser

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