Color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of testicular blood flow in stallions

Pozor, M.A.; McDonnell, Sue M.

doi:10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00227-9

Cited by 109 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The waveform characteristics observed in this study have also been observed in humans (Middleton et al 1989) and dogs (Gumbsch et al 2002). However, another study in dogs (Carrillo et al 2011) showed that the waves recorded in the spermatic cord location had biphasic resistant characteristics, similar to those obtained in stallions (Pozor & McDonnell 2004). This observation is explained by the location of the testicular artery in the spermatic cord being closer to the abdominal aorta, with a flow similar to that of this artery.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The results found in this study may be explained by the fact that the animals used in the experiment were calm, thereby allowing for the ultrasound assessment of the entire testicular surface. The visualization of the testicular artery in the spermatic cord was easier than in the other locations, showing a tortuous pattern that is also observed in humans (Middleton et al 1989), horses (Pozor & McDonnell 2004) and dogs (Günzel-Apel et al 2001, Gumbsch et al 2002, Carrillo et al 2011. The marginal artery also showed similar characteristics to the same species reported above.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Two-dimensional ultrasound of the testes enables the assessment of echogenicity and echotexture, besides the measure of testicular volume, which may represent normal development of testes, serving as a tool in detecting testicular diseases (Dogra et al 2003). Triplex Doppler Ultrasound involves the simultaneous use of two-dimensional ultrasound, color Doppler and pulsed Doppler, which allows the gathering of anatomical data of the vessels and functional data regarding blood flow, including its presence or absence, direction and speed, and is the method of choice for assessing the vascularity of various organs, including the testes (Nyland & Matton 2004, Pozor & McDonnell 2004, Wood et al 2010, Souza et al 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In veterinary medicine, studies using testicular Doppler ultrasound have been performed in stallions (Pozor & McDonnell 2004), llamas and alpacas (Kutzler et al 2011) and dogs (Günzel-Apel et al 2001, Gumbsch et al 2002, Carrillo et al 2011, Zelli et al 2013. In dogs, studies show the course of the testicular artery through the pampiniform plexus, marginally following the testes (Günzel Apel et al 2001, Gumbsch et al 2002 using only adult animals in heterogeneous groups, and the intratesticular arteries (Carrillo et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Triplex Doppler evaluation of the testes in dogs of different sizes

et al. 2014

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RESUMO.-[Avaliação Triplex Doppler dos testículos de cães de tamanhos diferentes.]Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se existem diferenças nos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos entre cães de diferentes portes. Para tanto, foram utilizados 20 cães, sendo 10 cães de pequeno porte e 10 cães de grande porte. Foram avaliados pelo Triplex Doppler para localização da artéria testicular nos segmentos de cordão espermático, marginal ao testículo e intratesticular. Após isso, o Doppler espectral foi acionado para cálculo dos parâmetros de velocidade de pico sistólico (VPS), velocidade diastólica final (VDF) e índices de resistência (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP). O volume testicular médio do testículo esquerdo foi significativamente maior que o direito em ambos os grupos. Ao Doppler, foram observadas diferenças dos valores entre os portes, sendo as velocidades no cordão espermático superiores nos animais de grande porte (P < 0,05) e dentro dos grupos também foram observadas diferenças entre as regiões da artéria testicular. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que existem diferenças nos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos quando comparados animais de diferentes portes, além disso, os parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos são diferentes dependendo da região em que são mensurados. INTRODUCTIONThe ultrasonographic evaluation of the testes allows the study of anatomy, parenchyma and adjacent structures, which is important to detect anatomical abnormalities, as well as guiding interventional procedures for diagnosis purposes (Nyland & Matton 2004). Two-dimensional ultrasound of the testes enables the assessment of echogenicity and echotexture, besides the measure of testicular volume, which may represent normal development of testes, serving as a tool in detecting testicular diseases (Dogra et al. 2003). This study aimed to assess whether there are differences in Doppler velocimetry parameters between different sizes. Twenty dogs were equally divided into small and large groups used in this study. The dogs were evaluated using Triplex ultrasound. Testicular artery was located by Colour Doppler in the spermatic cord, marginal to the testes and intratesticular segments and then, spectral Doppler were used to calculate: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). The mean testicular volume in the left side was significantly higher than the right side, in both groups. Doppler examination showed higher velocities (EDV) at spermatic cord in large dogs; marginal to the testes was observed higher velocities in small dogs; intratesticular region no differences were observed (P < 0.05) and within the groups differences between segments of the artery were also observed for each parameter. The results showed that there are differences in Doppler velocimetry parameters between different sizes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Triplex Doppler evaluation of the testes in dogs of different sizes

et al. 2014

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“…However, Pozor and McDonnell (23), who examined stallions` testes with the pulsedwave gray-scale Doppler ultrasonography, found this method very helpful, despite much bigger size of the testes. The same authors concluded that even in stallions this method has its limitations, and explained that "identification of small vessels is difficult and evaluation of overall vascularisation of the parenchyma of stallion testis is usually not possible with this technology" (24). The mentioned authors also suggested that in some cases, the evaluation of perfusion of some vessels and/or organs is easier or just possible only with the use of the colour Doppler method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic tissue perfusion measurement in the reproductive organs of the female and male dogs

Dzięcioł

Scholbach

Stańczyk

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of new software Pixel Flux (PXFX) for clinical evaluation of tissue perfusion in the field of reproduction in dogs. The experiment was performed on six adult Beagle dogs. Different organs and tissues of the animals were examined with the MyLab25 Gold ultrasound system. Blood flow in the ovary, testicle, prostate, the ramification of the penile artery, and the network of blood vessels of the pampiniform plexus were examined with the use of colour coded Doppler technique, and obtained data was evaluated with the PXFX software. The more objective digital evaluation of data obtained with colour Doppler sonography through the application of dynamic tissue perfusion measurements provides new opportunities for diagnosis, as well as continuous monitoring of the function of the examined tissues and organs. The use of PXFX software is strongly indicated as a tool in small animal practice as an additional method for evaluation of tissue perfusion, especially in the cases when other methods like pulsed wave Doppler techniques are difficult to be performed.

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Doppler Ultrasonography

Dascanio

2014

Equine Reproductive Procedures

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Color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of testicular blood flow in stallions

Cited by 109 publications

References 23 publications

Triplex Doppler evaluation of the testes in dogs of different sizes

Triplex Doppler evaluation of the testes in dogs of different sizes

Dynamic tissue perfusion measurement in the reproductive organs of the female and male dogs

Doppler Ultrasonography

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