“…First, Asian countries are characterized by great heterogeneity across institutional structures (Hamilton & Biggart, 1988) which play a major role in shaping the region's business systems and economic growth (e.g., Carney, 2004;Haggard, 2004). Asian institutional structures are closely intertwined and mutually reinforcing (Kuruvilla, 1998), but changing rapidly (Clarke, Lee, & Li, 2004). For example, following independence, former colonies such as India and Malaysia established trade unions and arbitrating bodies to eliminate wage competition, promote labor cooperation and promote economic development (Frenkel & Kuruvilla, 2002).…”