Collapse of Anopheles darlingi Populations in Suriname After Introduction of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs); Malaria Down to Near Elimination Level

Hiwat, Hélène; Mitro, Sutrisno; Samjhawan, Ashok; Sardjoe, Prem; Soekhoe, Treyanti; Takken, Willem

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0414

Cited by 26 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…darlingi elimination with IRS [41] are now complemented by contemporary evidence of local extinction of this same species, as well as An . nuneztovari , following ITN scale up in neighbouring Suriname [42]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For vector control measures targeted at humans, high demographic coverage of humans has clearly underpinned all the most impressive examples of vector elimination [27,28,30,35-37,39,41,42]. However, all these successes also relate to the most extremely human-dependent of all mosquito species, with feeding and resting habits which render them particularly vulnerable to IRS and ITNs.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eliminating malaria vectors

et al. 2013

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Malaria vectors which predominantly feed indoors upon humans have been locally eliminated from several settings with insecticide treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying or larval source management. Recent dramatic declines of An. gambiae in east Africa with imperfect ITN coverage suggest mosquito populations can rapidly collapse when forced below realistically achievable, non-zero thresholds of density and supporting resource availability. Here we explain why insecticide-based mosquito elimination strategies are feasible, desirable and can be extended to a wider variety of species by expanding the vector control arsenal to cover a broader spectrum of the resources they need to survive. The greatest advantage of eliminating mosquitoes, rather than merely controlling them, is that this precludes local selection for behavioural or physiological resistance traits. The greatest challenges are therefore to achieve high biological coverage of targeted resources rapidly enough to prevent local emergence of resistance and to then continually exclude, monitor for and respond to re-invasion from external populations.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminating malaria vectors

et al. 2013

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“…In nearby Suriname, both An. darlingi and Anopheles nuneztovari appear to have been eliminated by recent scale-up of ITNs [26]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomological surveillance of behavioural resilience and resistance in residual malaria vector populations

Govella

Chaki

Killeen

2013

Malar J

125

156

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BackgroundThe most potent malaria vectors rely heavily upon human blood so they are vulnerable to attack with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) within houses. Mosquito taxa that can avoid feeding or resting indoors, or by obtaining blood from animals, mediate a growing proportion of the dwindling transmission that persists as ITNs and IRS are scaled up.Presentation of the hypothesisIncreasing frequency of behavioural evasion traits within persisting residual vector systems usually reflect the successful suppression of the most potent and vulnerable vector taxa by IRS or ITNs, rather than their failure. Many of the commonly observed changes in mosquito behavioural patterns following intervention scale-up may well be explained by modified taxonomic composition and expression of phenotypically plastic behavioural preferences, rather than altered innate preferences of individuals or populations.Testing the hypothesisDetailed review of the contemporary evidence base does not yet provide any clear-cut example of true behavioural resistance and is, therefore, consistent with the hypothesis presented.Implications of the hypothesisCaution should be exercised before over-interpreting most existing reports of increased frequency of behavioural traits which enable mosquitoes to evade fatal contact with insecticides: this may simply be the result of suppressing the most behaviourally vulnerable of the vector taxa that constituted the original transmission system. Mosquito taxa which have always exhibited such evasive traits may be more accurately described as behaviourally resilient, rather than resistant. Ongoing national or regional entomological monitoring surveys of physiological susceptibility to insecticides should be supplemented with biologically and epidemiologically meaningfully estimates of malaria vector population dynamics and the behavioural phenotypes that determine intervention impact, in order to design, select, evaluate and optimize the implementation of vector control measures.

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“…A timely and important new development in Suriname is the apparent collapse of populations of An. darlingi in the sparsely inhabited interior, in and around three study communities, correlated with two main factors: the introduction of ITNs and climatic events, i.e., unusual flooding which coincided with the beginning of the control activities in 2006 [47]. However, it should be noted that indoor residual spraying (IRS), active case detection (ACD), and a public awareness campaign also were implemented throughout the interior in 2006.…”

Section: Surinamementioning

confidence: 97%