Eliminating malaria vectors

Killeen, Gerry F.; Seyoum, Aklilu; Sikaala, Chadwick H.; Zomboko, Amri S; Gimnig, John E.; Govella, Nicodem J.; White, Michael T.

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-172

Cited by 89 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…[3][4][5] However, LLINs and IRS are poorly suited to tackling the much larger number of important vector species that avoid fatal contact with these products by feeding outdoors, by frequently feeding on animals, resting outdoors or foraging briefly and cautiously within houses when they do enter them. 3 5 6 Thus, for many high-risk populations, elimination of residual malaria transmission is unattainable, even with full universal coverage of highly effective LLINs and/or IRS, using active ingredients to which the local vectors are fully susceptible.…”

Section: Recommendations For Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact

et al. 2017

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Residual malaria transmission can persist despite high coverage with effective long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spraying (IRS), because many vector mosquitoes evade them by feeding on animals, feeding outdoors, resting outdoors or rapidly exiting from houses after entering them. However, many of these behaviours that render vectors resilient to control with IRS and LLINs also make them vulnerable to some emerging new alternative interventions. Furthermore, vector control measures targeting preferred behaviours of mosquitoes often force them to express previously rare alternative behaviours, which can then be targeted with these complementary new interventions. For example, deployment of LLINs against vectors that historically fed predominantly indoors on humans typically results in persisting transmission by residual populations that survive by feeding outdoors on humans and animals, where they may then be targeted with vapour-phase insecticides and veterinary insecticides, respectively. So while the ability of mosquitoes to express alternative behaviours limits the impact of LLINs and IRS, it also creates measurable and unprecedented opportunities for deploying complementary additional approaches that would otherwise be ineffective. Now that more diverse vector control methods are finally becoming available, well-established entomological field techniques for surveying adult mosquito behaviours should be fully exploited by national malaria control programmes, to rationally and adaptively map out new opportunities for their effective deployment.

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Section: Recommendations For Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact

et al. 2017

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“…arabiensis is considered to be more exophagic and exophilic. 4,[14][15][16][17] The outdoor feeding behavior of An. arabiensis and other vector species complicates control interventions, such as IRS and insecticide-treated bednets, which are used indoors, and some species can shift their behavioral patterns over time in response to interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization Reveals Diverse and Unknown Malaria Vectors in the Western Kenyan Highlands

Laurent¹,

Cooke²,

Krishnankutty³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

120

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Abstract. The success of mosquito-based malaria control is dependent upon susceptible bionomic traits in local malaria vectors. It is crucial to have accurate and reliable methods to determine mosquito species composition in areas subject to malaria. An unexpectedly diverse set of Anopheles species was collected in the western Kenyan highlands, including unidentified and potentially new species carrying the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This study identified 2,340 anopheline specimens using both ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 loci. Seventeen distinct sequence groups were identified. Of these, only eight could be molecularly identified through comparison to published and voucher sequences. Of the unidentified species, four were found to carry P. falciparum by circumsporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, the most abundant of which had infection rates comparable to a primary vector in the area, Anopheles funestus. High-quality adult specimens of these unidentified species could not be matched to museum voucher specimens or conclusively identified using multiple keys, suggesting that they may have not been previously described. These unidentified vectors were captured outdoors. Diverse and unknown species have been incriminated in malaria transmission in the western Kenya highlands using molecular identification of unusual morphological variants of field specimens. This study demonstrates the value of using molecular methods to compliment vector identifications and highlights the need for accurate characterization of mosquito species and their associated behaviors for effective malaria control.

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“…Applications of insecticides to houses by IRS, to kill mosquitoes resting on inner surfaces of the walls and roof after they have fed upon the human occupants, are therefore a highly effective strategy for controlling populations of vectors that rest indoors as a matter of preference. Overall, the community-wide mass effect of LLINs and IRS can have a dramatic impact on the population size of stereotypical vectors that depend heavily upon feeding on humans and resting inside houses [35]. However, there are a number of possible impacts that insecticide use indoors could have on mosquito behaviour including changes in biting phenology, the rate of endophagy and endophily.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting Behaviour of Deltamethrin-Resistant Malaria Vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles coluzzii, from North Cameroon: Upshots from a Two-Level Ordinary Logit Model

Etang¹,

Nono²,

Awono-Ambene³

et al. 2016

Current Topics in Malaria

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The current study was conducted in Garoua, Pitoa, and Mayo-Oulo health districts of north Cameroon, in order to investigate the resting behaviour of deltamethrin-resistant Anopheles (An.) gambiae s.l. populations and build a model of their response to the use of Permanet 2.0 long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Adult mosquitoes were collected in October and November 2011, using spray catches and window exit traps in 29 clusters with LLINs in use. Sampled An. gambiae s.l. were identified down to species and analysed for blood-meal origin, physiological and circumsporozoite protein status. Deltamethrin resistance was assessed using World Health Organization's (WHO's) standard protocol. A two-level ordinary logit model was used to relate the resting behaviour and deltamethrin resistance. Identified species of the An. gambiae complex included An. arabiensis (90.6%), An. coluzzii (7.1%) and An. gambiae s.s. (2.3%). They displayed 1.1-4.8% infection rates, 80% indoor-resting density and 56-80% human blood index. Eleven An. gambiae s.l. populations over the 15 tested were resistant to deltamethrin (51-89.5% mortality rates). Model results showed a significant dependence of indoor vector density

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Eliminating malaria vectors

Cited by 89 publications

References 83 publications

Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact

Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact

Molecular Characterization Reveals Diverse and Unknown Malaria Vectors in the Western Kenyan Highlands

Resting Behaviour of Deltamethrin-Resistant Malaria Vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles coluzzii, from North Cameroon: Upshots from a Two-Level Ordinary Logit Model

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